fib example

LICENSE

@@ -1,232 +1,7 @@
-GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
-Version 3, 29 June 2007
+Copyright (c) 2026 Zongor
 
-Copyright © 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <https://fsf.org/>
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 
-Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 
-Preamble
-
-The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for software and other kinds of works.
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-The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed to take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains free software for all its users. We, the Free Software Foundation, use the GNU General Public License for most of our software; it applies also to any other work released this way by its authors. You can apply it to your programs, too.
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-When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for them if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs, and that you know you can do these things.
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-Developers that use the GNU GPL protect your rights with two steps: (1) assert copyright on the software, and (2) offer you this License giving you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify it.
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-0. Definitions.
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-7. Additional Terms.
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-If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.
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-13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.
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-14. Revised Versions of this License.
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-Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General Public License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
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-15. Disclaimer of Warranty.
-THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
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-IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
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-17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
-If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a copy of the Program in return for a fee.
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-END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
-
-How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
-
-If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
-
-To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the “copyright” line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
-
-     undar-lang
-     Copyright (C) 2025  zongor
-
-     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
-
-     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for more details.
-
-     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
-
-If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
-
-     undar-lang  Copyright (C) 2025  zongor
-     This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
-     This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
-
-The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an “about box”.
-
-You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, if any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the program, if necessary. For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But first, please read <https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html>.
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

README.org

@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ cd undar-lang && ./build
 
 * License
 
-[[./LICENSE][GPLv3]]
+[[./LICENSE][MIT]]
 
 * Inspirations 
 
@@ -79,9 +79,9 @@ cd undar-lang && ./build
 - [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)][Lisp]] : REPL, introspection.
 - [[https://fortran-lang.org/][Fortran]] : Array semantics.
 - [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)][C]] / [[https://ziglang.org/][Zig]] : Efficentcy, simplicity.
-- [[https://lua.org][Lua]] - Friendly syntax, portable, and minimalism.
-- [[https://www.craftinginterpreters.com/the-lox-language.html][Lox]] - The start of my programming language creation journey.
-- [[https://wiki.xxiivv.com/site/uxn.html][Uxn]] - Major inspiration, espeically around the design for devices.
-- [[http://duskos.org/][Dusk OS]] - A much better system for doing permacomputing.
+- [[https://lua.org][Lua]] - Friendly syntax, portable, embedable, and minimalist.
+- [[https://wiki.xxiivv.com/site/uxn.html][Uxn]] - Major inspiration, compatability for 2D icons, fonts, and the like.
+- [[http://duskos.org/][Dusk OS]] - Ideas about permacomputing.
 - [[https://doc.cat-v.org/inferno/4th_edition/dis_VM_specification][Dis VM]] - Ideas on VM structure
+- [[https://www.craftinginterpreters.com/the-lox-language.html][Crafting Interpreters]] - Fantastic book about creating a compiler. Adapted code for the parser and compiler.
 - Retro Systems - N64, PS1, Mac Classic, Windows 95, Especially Classic MacOS UI esthetics

arch/linux/gui/main.c

@@ -1,26 +1,76 @@
 #include "../../../vm/vm.h"
+#include "../../../tools/compiler/compiler.h"
+
 #include <SDL2/SDL.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
-#include <string.h>
 
-#define CODE_SIZE 8192
 #define MEMORY_SIZE 65536
+#define CODE_SIZE 8192
+#define STACK_SIZE 1024
+
 u8 lmem[MEMORY_SIZE] = {0};
-u32 lcode[CODE_SIZE] = {0};
+u8 lcode[CODE_SIZE] = {0};
+u32 lstack[STACK_SIZE] = {0};
+Frame lframes[STACK_SIZE] = {0};
+
+void reset() {
+  pc = 0;
+  cp = 0;
+  mp = 0;
+  fp = 0;
+  sp = 0;
+  interrupt = 0;
+  status = 0;
+}
 
 bool init_vm() {
   mem = lmem;
-  memset(mem, 0, MEMORY_SIZE*sizeof(u8));
   code = lcode;
-  mp = 0;
-  cp = 0;
-  pc = 0;
-  interrupt = 0;  
+  stack = lstack;
+  frames = lframes;
+  reset();
   return true;
 }
 
-u32 syscall(u32 id, u32 args, u32 mem_ptr) {
-  return 0; // success
+void error(const char* msg) {
+  printf("%s", msg);
+}
+
+bool table_realloc(ScopeTable *table) {
+  USED(table);
+  // static so do nothing;
+  return true;
+}
+
+u32 syscall(u32 id, u32 mem_ptr) {
+  u32 size;
+  switch(id) {
+    case SYSCALL_CONSOLE_WRITE: {
+      u32 size = *(u32*)&mem[mem_ptr];
+      u8 *ptr = &mem[mem_ptr + 4];
+      for (u32 i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        putchar(*(ptr++));
+      }
+      return 0;
+    }
+    case SYSCALL_CONSOLE_READ: {
+      u8 *ptr = &mem[mp];
+      mcpy(ptr, &size, sizeof(u32));
+      ptr += 4;
+      for (u32 i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        u8 ch = getchar();
+        if (ch == '\0')
+          break;
+        if (ch == '\n')
+          break;
+        *(ptr++) = ch;
+      }
+      ptr[size] = '\0';
+      mp += 4 + size + 1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return 1; // generic error
 }
 
 i32 main() {

arch/linux/tui/main.c

@@ -1,27 +1,47 @@
 #include "../../../vm/vm.h"
+#include "../../../tools/compiler/compiler.h"
 #include <stdio.h>
-#include <string.h>
 
-#define CODE_SIZE 8192
 #define MEMORY_SIZE 65536
+#define CODE_SIZE 8192
+#define STACK_SIZE 1024
+
 u8 lmem[MEMORY_SIZE] = {0};
-u32 lcode[CODE_SIZE] = {0};
+u8 lcode[CODE_SIZE] = {0};
+u32 lstack[STACK_SIZE] = {0};
+Frame lframes[STACK_SIZE] = {0};
+
+void reset() {
+  pc = 0;
+  cp = 0;
+  mp = 0;
+  fp = 0;
+  sp = 0;
+  interrupt = 0;
+  status = 0;
+}
 
 bool init_vm() {
   mem = lmem;
-  memset(mem, 0, MEMORY_SIZE*sizeof(u8));
   code = lcode;
-  lc = 0;
-  mp = 0;
-  cp = 0;
-  pc = 0;
-  interrupt = 0;
-  status = 0;
+  stack = lstack;
+  frames = lframes;
+  reset();
   return true;
 }
 
-u32 syscall(u32 id, u32 size, u32 mem_ptr) {
-  USED(size);
+void error(const char* msg) {
+  printf("%s", msg);
+}
+
+bool table_realloc(ScopeTable *table) {
+  USED(table);
+  // static so do nothing;
+  return true;
+}
+
+u32 syscall(u32 id, u32 mem_ptr) {
+  u32 size;
   switch(id) {
     case SYSCALL_CONSOLE_WRITE: {
       u32 size = *(u32*)&mem[mem_ptr];
@@ -51,81 +71,86 @@ u32 syscall(u32 id, u32 size, u32 mem_ptr) {
   return 1; // generic error
 }
 
-void test_add_two_num() {
-  i32 main_local_count = 5; 
-  mp += (4 * main_local_count);
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_B(OP_LOAD_IMM, 0, 1);
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_B(OP_PUSH, 0, 0);
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_B(OP_LOAD_IMM, 1, 1);
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_B(OP_PUSH, 1, 0);
-  i32 add = cp + 5;
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_B(OP_LOAD_IMM, 2, add);
+//static void repl() {
+//  ScopeTable st;
+//  char line[1024];
+//  for (;;) {
+//    printf("> ");
+//
+//    if (!fgets(line, sizeof(line), stdin)) {
+//      printf("\n");
+//      break;
+//    }
+//
+//    reset();
+//
+//    compile(&st, line);
+//
+//    while(step_vm()) {}
+//    
+//    syscall(SYSCALL_CONSOLE_WRITE, stack[0]);
+//  }
+//}
 
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_A(OP_CALL, 2, 3, 0);
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_A(OP_INT_TO_STR, 4, 3, 0);
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_A(OP_SYSCALL, SYSCALL_CONSOLE_WRITE, 1, 4);
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_A(OP_HALT, 0, 0, 0);
+void fib() {
+  u8 fib_ptr = 10;
+  code[cp++] = OP_PUSH_8;
+  code[cp++] = 35;
+  code[cp++] = OP_PUSH_8;
+  code[cp++] = fib_ptr;
+  code[cp++] = OP_CALL;
+  code[cp++] = OP_INT_TO_STR;
+  code[cp++] = OP_PUSH_8;
+  code[cp++] = SYSCALL_CONSOLE_WRITE;
+  code[cp++] = OP_SYSCALL;  
+  code[cp++] = OP_HALT;
+  /* fib (int n) int */
+  code[cp++] = OP_SET_IMM;
+  code[cp++] = 0;
+  /* if (n < 2) { */
+  code[cp++] = OP_GET_IMM;
+  code[cp++] = 0;
+  code[cp++] = OP_PUSH_8;
+  code[cp++] = 2;
+  code[cp++] = OP_LTS;
+  code[cp++] = OP_PUSH_8;
+  u8 if_true = cp + 5;
+  code[cp++] = if_true;
+  code[cp++] = OP_JNZ;
+  code[cp++] = OP_PUSH_8;
+  u8 if_false = cp + 5;
+  code[cp++] = if_false;
+  code[cp++] = OP_JMP;
+  code[cp++] = OP_GET_IMM;
+  code[cp++] = 0;
+  code[cp++] = OP_RETURN;
+  code[cp++] = OP_GET_IMM;
+  code[cp++] = 0;
+  code[cp++] = OP_PUSH_8;
+  code[cp++] = 2;
+  code[cp++] = OP_SUB_INT;
+  code[cp++] = OP_PUSH_8;
+  code[cp++] = fib_ptr;
+  code[cp++] = OP_CALL;
+  code[cp++] = OP_GET_IMM;
+  code[cp++] = 0;
+  code[cp++] = OP_PUSH_8;
+  code[cp++] = 1;
+  code[cp++] = OP_SUB_INT;
+  code[cp++] = OP_PUSH_8;
+  code[cp++] = fib_ptr;
+  code[cp++] = OP_CALL;
+  code[cp++] = OP_ADD_INT;
+  code[cp++] = OP_RETURN;
 
-  /* add */
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_A(OP_ADD_INT, 2, 1, 0);
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_B(OP_RETURN, 2, 0);
-}
-
-void test_fibonacci() {
-  i32 fib = 7;
-  i32 base_case = 21;
-  /* function main() */
-  i32 main_local_count = 4; 
-  mp += (4 * main_local_count);
-  /* fib(35) */
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_B(OP_LOAD_IMM, 0, 35);
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_B(OP_PUSH, 0, 0);
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_B(OP_LOAD_IMM, 1, fib);
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_A(OP_CALL, 1, 9, 2);
-  /* print */
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_A(OP_INT_TO_STR, 3, 2, 0);
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_A(OP_SYSCALL, SYSCALL_CONSOLE_WRITE, 1, 3);
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_A(OP_HALT, 0, 0, 0);
-  /* function fib (int n) int */
-  //code[cp++] = ENCODE_A(OP_SYSCALL, SYSCALL_DBG_PRINT, 1, 0);
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_B(OP_LOAD_IMM, 8, fib);
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_B(OP_LOAD_IMM, 1, 2);
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_B(OP_LOAD_IMM, 2, base_case);
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_A(OP_JLT_INT, 2, 0, 1);
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_B(OP_LOAD_IMM, 3, 2);
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_A(OP_SUB_INT, 4, 0, 3);
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_B(OP_PUSH, 4, 0);
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_A(OP_CALL, 8, 9, 5);
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_B(OP_LOAD_IMM, 3, 1);
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_A(OP_SUB_INT, 4, 0, 3);
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_B(OP_PUSH, 4, 0);
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_A(OP_CALL, 8, 9, 6);
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_A(OP_ADD_INT, 7, 6, 5);
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_B(OP_RETURN, 7, 0);
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_B(OP_RETURN, 0, 0);
-}
-
-void test_hello() {
-  u32 hello =str_alloc("nuqneH 'u'?", 12);
-  u32 new_line = str_alloc("\n", 1);
-  fp = mp;
-  /* function main() */
-  i32 main_local_count = 3; 
-  mp += (4 * main_local_count);
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_B(OP_LOAD_IMM, 0, hello);
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_A(OP_SYSCALL, SYSCALL_CONSOLE_WRITE, 12, 0);
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_B(OP_LOAD_IMM, 0, new_line);
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_A(OP_SYSCALL, SYSCALL_CONSOLE_WRITE, 1, 0);
-  code[cp++] = ENCODE_A(OP_HALT, 0, 0, 0);
+  while(step_vm()) {}
 }
 
 i32 main() {
   init_vm();
 
-  test_hello();
+  fib();
+  //repl();
 
-  while(step_vm()) {
-    // do stuff
-  }
   return 0;
 }

build

@@ -102,10 +102,18 @@ VM_BUILD_FLAGS="$BUILD_FLAGS -std=c89 -ffreestanding -nostdlib -fno-builtin"
 ${CC} -c vm/libc.c -o $BUILD_DIR/libc.o $VM_BUILD_FLAGS
 ${CC} -c vm/vm.c -o $BUILD_DIR/vm.o $VM_BUILD_FLAGS
 
+# build the compiler
+case $ARCH in
+  "linux")
+      ${CC} -c tools/compiler/parser.c -o $BUILD_DIR/parser.o $BUILD_FLAGS
+      ${CC} -c tools/compiler/compiler.c -o $BUILD_DIR/compiler.o $BUILD_FLAGS
+    ;;
+esac
+
 # Set up the final build command
 case $ARCH in
   "linux")
-    BUILD_CMD="$CC -o $BUILD_DIR/undar $SRC_DIR/main.c $LINK_FLAGS $BUILD_DIR/libc.o $BUILD_DIR/vm.o $BUILD_FLAGS $LINK_FLAGS"
+    BUILD_CMD="$CC -o $BUILD_DIR/undar $SRC_DIR/main.c $LINK_FLAGS $BUILD_DIR/libc.o $BUILD_DIR/vm.o $BUILD_DIR/parser.o $BUILD_DIR/compiler.o $BUILD_FLAGS $LINK_FLAGS"
     ;;
   "web")
     BUILD_CMD="$CC $SRC_DIR/main.c $BUILD_DIR/libc.o $BUILD_DIR/vm.o -o $BUILD_DIR/undar.html $BUILD_FLAGS $LINK_FLAGS"

test/add.ul

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/**
+ * Constants
+ */
+const str nl = "\n";
+
+plex Terminal {
+  nat handle;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Main function
+ */
+function main() {
+    pln(add(1, 1).str);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Add two numbers together
+ */
+function add(int a, int b) int {
+    return a + b;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Print with a newline
+ */
+function pln(str message) {
+    Terminal term = open("term::/0", 0);
+    write(term, message, message.length);
+    write(term, nl, nl.length);
+}

test/fib.ul

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+/**
+ * Constants
+ */
+const str nl = "\n";
+
+plex Terminal {
+  nat handle;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Main function
+ */
+function main() {
+    pln(fib(35).str);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Recursively calculate fibonacci
+ */
+function fib(int n) int {
+  if (n < 2) { return n; }
+  return fib(n - 2) + fib(n - 1);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Print with a newline
+ */
+function pln(str message) {
+    Terminal term = open("term::/0", 0);
+    write(term, message, message.length);
+    write(term, nl, nl.length);
+}

test/hello.ul

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+/**
+ * Plexes
+ */
+plex Terminal {
+  nat handle;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Main function
+ */
+function main() {
+    pln("nuqneH 'u'?");
+}
+
+/**
+ * Print with a newline
+ */
+function pln(str message) {
+    Terminal term = open("term::/0", 0);
+    write(term, message, message.length);
+    const str nl = "\n";
+    write(term, nl, nl.length);
+}

test/malloc.ul

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/**
+ * Constants
+ */
+const str nl = "\n";
+
+plex Terminal {
+  nat handle;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Main function
+ */
+function main() {
+    Terminal term = open("term::/0", 0);
+    pln(term, "Enter a string: ");
+    pln(term, term.read(32));
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Print with a newline
+ */
+function pln(Terminal term, str message) {
+    write(term, message, message.length);
+    write(term, nl, nl.length);
+}

test/paint.ul

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+/**
+ * Constants
+ */
+const byte BLACK = 0;
+const byte WHITE = 255;
+const byte DARK_GRAY = 73;
+const byte GRAY = 146;
+const byte LIGHT_GRAY = 182;
+
+byte selected_color = 255;
+
+trait Device {
+  nat handle;
+}
+
+plex Screen implements Device {
+  nat handle;
+  nat width;
+  nat height;
+  byte[] buffer;
+
+  draw() {
+    write(this, this.buffer, this.buffer.length);
+  }
+}
+
+plex Mouse implements Device {
+  nat handle;
+  nat x;
+  nat y;
+  bool left;
+  bool right;
+  bool middle;
+  bool btn4;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Main function
+ */
+function main() {
+    Screen screen = open("screen::/0", 0);
+    Mouse mouse = open("mouse::/0", 0);
+
+    outline_swatch(screen, BLACK, 1, 1);
+    outline_swatch(screen, WHITE, 21, 1);
+    screen.draw();
+
+    loop {
+      mouse.refresh();
+      if (!mouse.left) continue; 
+      
+      int box_size = 20;
+      int x = 1;
+      int y = 1;
+      byte color = BLACK;
+      outlined_swatch(screen, color, x, y);
+      set_color(box_size, x, y, mouse.x, mouse.y, color);
+      
+      color = WHITE;
+      x = 21;
+      outlined_swatch(screen, color, x, y);
+      set_color(box_size, x, y, mouse.x, mouse.y, color);
+      screen.draw();
+      
+      rectangle(screen, selected_color, x, y, 5, 5);
+    }
+    exit(0);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks if the click is within the bound and update the selected color if so.
+ */
+function set_color(int box_size, int bx, int by, int mx, int my, byte color) {
+    int right = bx + box_size;
+    int bottom = by + box_size;
+
+    if (mx < bx) return;
+    if (mx > right) return;
+    if (my < by) return;
+    if (my > bottom) return;
+
+    selected_color = color;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Draw a color box with a grey outline, if selected use a darker color
+ */
+function outline_swatch(Device screen, byte color, int x, int y) {
+    byte bg_color = GRAY;
+    if (selected_color == color) {
+	    bg_color = DARK_GRAY;
+    }
+
+    rectangle(screen, bg_color, x, y, 20, 20);
+    rectangle(screen, color, x + 2, y + 2, 17, 17);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Draw a rectangle
+ */ 
+function rectangle(Device screen, byte color, int x, int y, int width, int height) {
+  int base = y * screen.width + x + screen.buffer.ptr + 4;
+
+  do (int i = height; i > 0; i--) {
+    int row = base + width;
+    memset(screen.buffer, row, color, width);
+    base += screen.width;
+  }
+}

test/simple.ul

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/**
+ * Constants
+ */
+const str nl = "\n";
+
+plex Terminal {
+  nat handle;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Main function
+ */
+function main() {
+  pln((1.0 + 1.0) as str);
+  exit(0);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Print with a newline
+ */
+function pln(str message) {
+    Terminal term = open("term::/0", 0);
+    write(term, message, message.length);
+    write(term, nl, nl.length);
+}

test/window.ul

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+/**
+ * Constants
+ */
+const str screen_namespace = "screen::/0"
+const str mouse_namespace = "mouse::/0"
+const str terminal_namespace = "term::/0"
+const str new_line = "\n"
+const byte WHITE = 255
+
+/**
+ * Devices
+ */
+plex Terminal {
+  nat handle;
+}
+
+plex Screen {
+  nat handle;
+  nat width;
+  nat height;
+  byte[] buffer;
+
+  draw() {
+    write(this, this.buffer, this.buffer_size);
+  }
+}
+
+plex Mouse {
+  nat handle;
+  nat x;
+  nat y;
+  bool left;
+  bool right;
+  bool middle;
+  bool btn4;
+  nat size;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Main function
+ */
+function main() {
+    Screen screen = open(screen_namespace, 0);
+    pln(screen.handle as str);
+    pln(screen.width as str);
+    pln(screen.size as str);
+    unsafe {
+      pln(screen.screen_buffer.ptr as str);
+    }
+
+    Mouse mouse = open(mouse_namespace, 0);
+    screen.draw();
+
+    loop {
+        if (mouse.left) {
+            unsafe {
+              screen.buffer[mouse.y * width + mouse.x +
+                                  screen.buffer.ptr + 4] = WHITE;
+              screen.draw();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Print with a newline
+ */
+function pln(str message) {
+    Terminal term = open(terminal_namespace, 0);
+    write(term, message, message.length);
+    write(term, nl, nl.length);
+}

tools/assembler/assembler.c

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-#include "assembler.h"
-/**
- * Emit bytecode to the VM from the source string.
- */
-void assemble(char *source, ScopeTable *st) {
-
-}

tools/assembler/assembler.h

@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef UNDAR_IR_ASSEMBLER_H
-#define UNDAR_IR_ASSEMBLER_H
-
-#include "../../vm/libc.h"
-#include "lexer.h"
-
-typedef enum { GLOBAL, LOCAL, VAR } ScopeType;
-typedef enum {
-  VOID,
-  BOOL,
-  I8,
-  I16,
-  I32,
-  U8,
-  U16,
-  U32,
-  F8,
-  F16,
-  F32,
-  STR,
-  PLEX,
-  ARRAY,
-  FUNCTION
-} SymbolType;
-
-typedef struct symbol_s Symbol;
-typedef struct symbol_tab_s SymbolTable;
-typedef struct scope_tab_s ScopeTable;
-
-#define MAX_SYMBOL_NAME_LENGTH 64
-struct symbol_s {
-  char name[MAX_SYMBOL_NAME_LENGTH];
-  u8 name_length;
-  SymbolType type;
-  ScopeType scope;
-  u32 ref;  // vm->mp if global, vm->pc local, register if var 
-  u32 size; // size of symbol
-};
-
-struct symbol_tab_s {
-  Symbol symbols[256];
-  u8 count;
-  i32 parent;
-};
-
-struct scope_tab_s {
-  SymbolTable *scopes;
-  u32 count;
-  u32 capacity;
-  i32 scope_ref;
-};
-
-void assemble(char *source, ScopeTable *st);
-
-#endif

tools/assembler/lexer.c

@@ -1,401 +0,0 @@
-#include <string.h>
-
-#include "../../vm/libc.h"
-#include "lexer.h"
-
-typedef struct {
-  const char *start;
-  const char *current;
-  i32 line;
-} Lexer;
-
-Lexer lexer;
-
-void init_lexer(const char *source) {
-  lexer.start = source;
-  lexer.current = source;
-  lexer.line = 1;
-}
-
-static bool is_alpha(char c) {
-  return (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') || (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') || c == '_';
-}
-
-static bool is_digit(char c) { return c >= '0' && c <= '9'; }
-
-static bool is_at_end() { return *lexer.current == '\0'; }
-
-static char advance() {
-  lexer.current++;
-  return lexer.current[-1];
-}
-
-static char peek() { return *lexer.current; }
-
-static char peek_next() {
-  if (is_at_end())
-    return '\0';
-  return lexer.current[1];
-}
-
-static bool match(char expected) {
-  if (is_at_end())
-    return false;
-  if (*lexer.current != expected)
-    return false;
-  lexer.current++;
-  return true;
-}
-
-static Token make_token(TokenType type) {
-  Token token;
-  token.type = type;
-  token.start = lexer.start;
-  token.length = (i32)(lexer.current - lexer.start);
-  token.line = lexer.line;
-  return token;
-}
-
-static Token error_token(const char *message) {
-  Token token;
-  token.type = TOKEN_ERROR;
-  token.start = message;
-  token.length = (i32)strlen(message);
-  token.line = lexer.line;
-  return token;
-}
-
-static void skip_whitespace() {
-  for (;;) {
-    char c = peek();
-    switch (c) {
-    case ' ':
-    case '\r':
-    case '\t':
-      advance();
-      break;
-    case '\n':
-      lexer.line++;
-      advance();
-      break;
-    case '/':
-      if (peek_next() == '/') {
-        // Single-line comment: skip until newline or end of file
-        advance();
-        while (peek() != '\n' && !is_at_end())
-          advance();
-      } else if (peek_next() == '*') {
-        // Multi-line comment: skip until '*/' or end of file
-        advance();
-        advance();
-        while (!is_at_end()) {
-          if (peek() == '\n')
-            lexer.line++;
-          if (peek() == '*' && peek_next() == '/') {
-            advance();
-            advance();
-            break; // Exit loop, comment ended
-          }
-          advance();
-        }
-      } else {
-        return; // Not a comment, let tokenization handle it
-      }
-      break;
-    default:
-      return;
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-static TokenType check_keyword(i32 start, i32 length, const char *rest,
-                              TokenType type) {
-  if (lexer.current - lexer.start == start + length &&
-      memcmp(lexer.start + start, rest, length) == 0) {
-    return type;
-  }
-
-  return TOKEN_IDENTIFIER;
-}
-
-static TokenType identifierType() {
-  switch (lexer.start[0]) {
-  case 'a':
-    if (lexer.current - lexer.start > 1) {
-      switch (lexer.start[1]) {
-      case 'n':
-        return check_keyword(2, 1, "d", TOKEN_OPERATOR_AND);
-      case 's':
-        return check_keyword(2, 0, "", TOKEN_KEYWORD_AS);
-      }
-    }
-    break;
-  case 'c':
-    if (lexer.current - lexer.start > 1) {
-      switch (lexer.start[1]) {
-      case 'l':
-        return check_keyword(2, 3, "ose", TOKEN_KEYWORD_CLOSE);
-      case 'o':
-        return check_keyword(2, 3, "nst", TOKEN_KEYWORD_CONST);
-      }
-    }
-    break;
-  case 'e':
-    return check_keyword(1, 3, "lse", TOKEN_KEYWORD_ELSE);
-  case 'f':
-    if (lexer.current - lexer.start > 1) {
-      switch (lexer.start[1]) {
-      case 'a':
-        return check_keyword(2, 3, "lse", TOKEN_KEYWORD_FALSE);
-      case 'o':
-        return check_keyword(2, 1, "r", TOKEN_KEYWORD_FOR);
-      case '3':
-        return check_keyword(1, 1, "2", TOKEN_TYPE_REAL);
-      }
-      return check_keyword(1, 7, "unction", TOKEN_KEYWORD_FN);
-    }
-    break;
-  case 'i':
-    if (lexer.current - lexer.start > 1) {
-      switch (lexer.start[1]) {
-      case 'f':
-        return check_keyword(2, 0, "", TOKEN_KEYWORD_IF);
-      case 's':
-        return check_keyword(2, 0, "", TOKEN_KEYWORD_IS);
-      case '8':
-        return check_keyword(2, 0, "", TOKEN_TYPE_I8);
-      case '1':
-        return check_keyword(2, 1, "6", TOKEN_TYPE_I16);
-      case '3':
-        return check_keyword(2, 1, "2", TOKEN_TYPE_INT);        
-      case 'n':
-        if (lexer.current - lexer.start > 2) {
-          switch (lexer.start[2]) {
-          case 'i':
-            return check_keyword(3, 2, "t", TOKEN_KEYWORD_INIT);
-          case 't':
-            return check_keyword(3, 0, "", TOKEN_TYPE_INT);
-          }
-        }
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-    break;
-  case 'n':
-    if (lexer.current - lexer.start > 1) {
-      switch (lexer.start[1]) {
-      case 'a':
-        return check_keyword(2, 1, "t", TOKEN_TYPE_NAT);
-      case 'i':
-        return check_keyword(2, 1, "l", TOKEN_KEYWORD_NIL);
-      }
-    }
-    break;
-  case 'o':
-    if (lexer.current - lexer.start > 1) {
-      switch (lexer.start[1]) {
-      case 'p':
-        return check_keyword(2, 2, "en", TOKEN_KEYWORD_OPEN);
-      case 'r':
-        return check_keyword(2, 0, "", TOKEN_OPERATOR_OR);
-      }
-    }
-    break;
-  case 'p':
-    if (lexer.current - lexer.start > 1) {
-      switch (lexer.start[1]) {
-      case 'l':
-        return check_keyword(2, 2, "ex", TOKEN_KEYWORD_PLEX);
-      }
-    }
-    break;
-  case 'r':
-    if (lexer.current - lexer.start > 1) {
-      switch (lexer.start[1]) {
-      case 'e':
-        if (lexer.current - lexer.start > 2) {
-          switch (lexer.start[2]) {
-          case 'f':
-            return check_keyword(3, 4, "resh", TOKEN_KEYWORD_REFRESH);
-          case 't':
-            return check_keyword(3, 3, "urn", TOKEN_KEYWORD_RETURN);
-          case 'a':  
-            if (lexer.current - lexer.start > 3) {
-              switch(lexer.start[3]) {
-                case 'd':
-                  return check_keyword(4, 0, "", TOKEN_KEYWORD_READ);
-                case 'l':
-                  return check_keyword(4, 0, "", TOKEN_TYPE_REAL);
-              }
-            }
-          }
-        }
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-    break;
-  case 's':
-    if (lexer.current - lexer.start > 1) {
-      switch (lexer.start[1]) {
-      case 't':
-        return check_keyword(2, 1, "r", TOKEN_TYPE_STR);
-      }
-    }
-    break;
-  case 't':
-    if (lexer.current - lexer.start > 1) {
-      switch (lexer.start[1]) {
-      case 'h':
-        return check_keyword(2, 2, "is", TOKEN_KEYWORD_THIS);
-      case 'r':
-        return check_keyword(2, 2, "ue", TOKEN_KEYWORD_TRUE);
-      }
-    }
-    break;
-  case 'u':
-    if (lexer.current - lexer.start > 1) {
-      switch (lexer.start[1]) {
-      case 's':
-        return check_keyword(2, 1, "e", TOKEN_KEYWORD_USE);
-      case '8':
-        return check_keyword(2, 0, "", TOKEN_TYPE_U8);
-      case '1':
-        return check_keyword(2, 1, "6", TOKEN_TYPE_U16);
-      case '3':
-        return check_keyword(2, 1, "2", TOKEN_TYPE_NAT);        
-      }
-    }
-    break;
-  case 'w':
-    if (lexer.current - lexer.start > 1) {
-      switch (lexer.start[1]) {
-      case 'h':
-        return check_keyword(2, 3, "ile", TOKEN_KEYWORD_WHILE);
-      case 'r':
-        return check_keyword(2, 3, "ite", TOKEN_KEYWORD_WRITE);
-      }
-    }
-    break;
-  case 'b':
-    if (lexer.current - lexer.start > 1) {
-      switch (lexer.start[1]) {
-      case 'y':
-        return check_keyword(2, 2, "te", TOKEN_TYPE_U8);
-      case 'o':
-        return check_keyword(2, 2, "ol", TOKEN_TYPE_U8);
-      }
-    }    
-    break;
-  case 'g':
-    return check_keyword(1, 5, "lobal", TOKEN_KEYWORD_GLOBAL);
-  case 'l':
-    return check_keyword(1, 3, "oop", TOKEN_KEYWORD_LOOP);
-  case 'd':
-    return check_keyword(1, 1, "o", TOKEN_KEYWORD_DO);  
-  case 'v':
-    return check_keyword(1, 3, "oid", TOKEN_TYPE_VOID);        
-  }
-
-  return TOKEN_IDENTIFIER;
-}
-
-static Token identifier() {
-  while (is_alpha(peek()) || is_digit(peek()))
-    advance();
-  return make_token(identifierType());
-}
-
-static Token number() {
-  while (is_digit(peek()))
-    advance();
-
-  /*  Look for a fractional part. */
-  if (peek() == '.' && is_digit(peek_next())) {
-    /*  Consume the ".". */
-    advance();
-
-    while (is_digit(peek()))
-      advance();
-
-    return make_token(TOKEN_LITERAL_REAL);
-  }
-
-  return make_token(TOKEN_LITERAL_INT);
-}
-
-static Token string() {
-  while (peek() != '"' && !is_at_end()) {
-    if (peek() == '\n')
-      lexer.line++;
-    advance();
-  }
-
-  if (is_at_end())
-    return error_token("Unterminated string.");
-
-  /*  The closing quote. */
-  advance();
-  return make_token(TOKEN_LITERAL_STR);
-}
-
-Token next_token() {
-  skip_whitespace();
-  lexer.start = lexer.current;
-
-  if (is_at_end())
-    return make_token(TOKEN_EOF);
-
-  char c = advance();
-  if (is_alpha(c))
-    return identifier();
-  char next = peek();
-  if ((c == '-' && is_digit(next)) || is_digit(c))
-    return number();
-
-  switch (c) {
-  case '(':
-    return make_token(TOKEN_LPAREN);
-  case ')':
-    return make_token(TOKEN_RPAREN);
-  case '{':
-    return make_token(TOKEN_LBRACE);
-  case '}':
-    return make_token(TOKEN_RBRACE);
-  case '[':
-    return make_token(TOKEN_LBRACKET);
-  case ']':
-    return make_token(TOKEN_RBRACKET);
-  case ';':
-    return make_token(TOKEN_SEMICOLON);
-  case ',':
-    return make_token(TOKEN_COMMA);
-  case '.':
-    return make_token(TOKEN_DOT);
-  case '-':
-    return make_token(match('>') ? TOKEN_ARROW_RIGHT : TOKEN_MINUS);
-  case '+':
-    return make_token(TOKEN_PLUS);
-  case '/':
-    return make_token(TOKEN_SLASH);
-  case '&':
-    return make_token(match('&') ? TOKEN_AND_AND : TOKEN_AND);
-  case '#':
-    return make_token(TOKEN_MESH);
-  case '$':
-    return make_token(TOKEN_BIG_MONEY);
-  case '*':
-    return make_token(TOKEN_STAR);
-  case '!':
-    return make_token(match('=') ? TOKEN_BANG_EQ : TOKEN_BANG);
-  case '=':
-    return make_token(match('=') ? TOKEN_EQ_EQ : TOKEN_EQ);
-  case '<':
-    return make_token(match('=') ? TOKEN_LTE : TOKEN_LT);
-  case '>':
-    return make_token(match('=') ? TOKEN_GTE : TOKEN_GT);
-  case '"':
-    return string();
-  }
-
-  return error_token("Unexpected character.");
-}

tools/compiler/compiler.c

@@ -0,0 +1,655 @@
+#include "compiler.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+Token operator_stack[128];
+u8 osp;
+Token value_stack[256];
+u8 vsp;
+
+Parser parser;
+
+Symbol *symbol_table_lookup(ScopeTable *table, const char *name, u32 length,
+                            i32 scope_ref) {
+  SymbolTable st = table->scopes[scope_ref];
+  for (u32 i = 0; i < st.count; i++) {
+    if (st.symbols[i].name_length == length) {
+      if (sleq(st.symbols[i].name, name, length)) {
+        return &table->scopes[scope_ref].symbols[i];
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if (st.parent < 0)
+    return nil;
+  return symbol_table_lookup(table, name, length, st.parent);
+}
+
+u8 symbol_table_add(ScopeTable *table, Symbol s) {
+  Symbol *sym =
+      symbol_table_lookup(table, s.name, s.name_length, table->scope_ref);
+  if (sym != nil) {
+    fprintf(stderr,
+            "Error: Symbol '%.*s' already defined, in this scope"
+            " please pick a different variable name or create a new scope.\n",
+            s.name_length, s.name);
+    exit(1);
+  }
+
+  if (table->scopes[table->scope_ref].count + 1 > 255) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "Error: Only 255 symbols are allowed per scope"
+                    " first off: impressive; secondly:"
+                    " just create a new scope and keep going.\n");
+    exit(1);
+  }
+
+  if (!table_realloc(table)) {
+    fprintf(stderr,
+            "Error: Symbol table is out of memory! This is likely because you "
+            " built the assembler in static mode, increase the static size."
+            " if you built using malloc, that means your computer is out of"
+            " memory. Close a few tabs in your web browser and try again."
+            " Count was %d, while capacity was %d\n",
+            table->count, table->capacity);
+    exit(1);
+  }
+
+  table->scopes[table->scope_ref]
+      .symbols[table->scopes[table->scope_ref].count] = s;
+  u8 index = table->scopes[table->scope_ref].count;
+  table->scopes[table->scope_ref].count++;
+  return index;
+}
+
+u32 get_ref(ScopeTable *st, const char *name, u32 length) {
+  Symbol *sym = symbol_table_lookup(st, name, length, st->scope_ref);
+  if (!sym) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "Error: Assembler has no idea what Symbol '%.*s' means.\n",
+            length, name);
+    exit(1);
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return sym->ref;
+}
+
+u32 get_ptr(Token token, ScopeTable *st) {
+  if (token.type == TOKEN_IDENTIFIER) {
+    return get_ref(st, token.start, token.length);
+  }
+
+  if (token.type == TOKEN_LITERAL_INT) {
+    return atoi(token.start);
+  }
+
+  if (token.type == TOKEN_LITERAL_NAT) {
+    char *endptr;
+    u32 out = (u32)strtoul(token.start, &endptr, 10);
+    if (endptr == token.start || *endptr != '\0') {
+      fprintf(stderr, "Invalid decimal literal at line %d: %.*s\n", token.line,
+              token.length, token.start);
+      exit(1);
+    }
+    return out;
+  }
+
+  fprintf(stderr, "Error: Not a pointer or symbol at line %d: %.*s\n",
+          token.line, token.length, token.start);
+  exit(1);
+}
+
+u32 get_reg(Token token, ScopeTable *st) {
+  if (token.type == TOKEN_IDENTIFIER) {
+    return get_ref(st, token.start, token.length);
+  }
+
+  if (token.type == TOKEN_BIG_MONEY) {
+    token = next_token();
+    return atoi(token.start);
+  }
+
+  fprintf(stderr, "Error: Not a register or symbol at line %d: %.*s\n",
+          token.line, token.length, token.start);
+  exit(1);
+}
+
+void advance() {
+  parser.previous = parser.current;
+  parser.current = next_token();
+}
+
+static void consume(TokenType type, char *err_msg) {
+  if (parser.current.type == type) {
+    advance();
+    return;
+  }
+
+  printf("ERROR at line %d: %.*s %s\n", parser.current.line,
+         parser.current.length, parser.current.start, err_msg);
+  exit(1);
+}
+
+void next_id_or_reg() {
+  advance();
+  if (parser.current.type == TOKEN_IDENTIFIER) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (parser.current.type == TOKEN_BIG_MONEY) {
+    advance();
+    return;
+  }
+
+  printf("Not an ID or register at line %d: %.*s\n", parser.current.line,
+         parser.current.length, parser.current.start);
+  exit(1);
+}
+
+void next_id_or_ptr() {
+  advance();
+
+  if (parser.current.type != TOKEN_IDENTIFIER &&
+      parser.current.type != TOKEN_LITERAL_NAT &&
+      parser.current.type != TOKEN_LITERAL_INT &&
+      parser.current.type != TOKEN_LITERAL_REAL) {
+    printf("Not an ID or register at line %d: %.*s\n", parser.current.line,
+           parser.current.length, parser.current.start);
+    exit(1);
+  }
+}
+
+static void expression();
+static ParseRule *getRule(TokenType type);
+static void parsePrecedence(Precedence precedence);
+
+static void number() {
+  switch (parser.previous.type) {
+  case TOKEN_LITERAL_INT: {
+    i32 out = atoi(parser.previous.start);
+    if (out <= I8_MAX && out >= I8_MIN) {
+      code[cp++] = OP_PUSH_8;
+      code[cp++] = (out) & 0xFF;
+      return;
+    }
+    if (out <= I16_MAX && out >= I16_MIN) {
+      code[cp++] = OP_PUSH_16;
+      code[cp++] = (out) & 0xFF;
+      code[cp++] = ((out) >> 8) & 0xFF;
+      return;
+    }
+
+    code[cp++] = OP_PUSH_32;
+    code[cp++] = (out) & 0xFF;
+    code[cp++] = ((out) >> 8) & 0xFF;
+    code[cp++] = ((out) >> 16) & 0xFF;
+    code[cp++] = ((out) >> 24) & 0xFF;
+    return;
+  }
+  case TOKEN_LITERAL_NAT: {
+    char *endptr;
+    u32 out = (u32)strtoul(parser.previous.start, &endptr, 10);
+    if (endptr == parser.previous.start || *endptr != '\0') {
+      fprintf(stderr, "Invalid 'real' number: '%.*s'\n", parser.previous.length,
+              parser.previous.start);
+      exit(1);
+    }
+
+    if (out <= U8_MAX) {
+      code[cp++] = OP_PUSH_8;
+      code[cp++] = (out) & 0xFF;
+      return;
+    }
+    if (out <= U16_MAX) {
+      code[cp++] = OP_PUSH_16;
+      code[cp++] = (out) & 0xFF;
+      code[cp++] = ((out) >> 8) & 0xFF;
+      return;
+    }
+
+    code[cp++] = OP_PUSH_32;
+    code[cp++] = (out) & 0xFF;
+    code[cp++] = ((out) >> 8) & 0xFF;
+    code[cp++] = ((out) >> 16) & 0xFF;
+    code[cp++] = ((out) >> 24) & 0xFF;
+    return;
+  }
+  case TOKEN_LITERAL_REAL: {
+    i32 out = FLOAT_TO_REAL(atof(parser.previous.start));
+
+    code[cp++] = OP_PUSH_32;
+    code[cp++] = (out) & 0xFF;
+    code[cp++] = ((out) >> 8) & 0xFF;
+    code[cp++] = ((out) >> 16) & 0xFF;
+    code[cp++] = ((out) >> 24) & 0xFF;
+    return;
+  }
+  default: {
+    fprintf(stderr, "Unknown immediate: '%.*s'\n", parser.previous.length,
+            parser.previous.start);
+    exit(1);
+  }
+  }
+}
+
+static void expression() { parsePrecedence(PREC_ASSIGNMENT); }
+
+static void grouping() {
+  expression();
+  consume(TOKEN_RPAREN, "Expected ')'.");
+}
+
+static void unary() {
+  TokenType operatorType = parser.previous.type;
+  parsePrecedence(PREC_UNARY);
+  switch (operatorType) {
+  case TOKEN_MINUS: {
+    code[cp++] = OP_NEG;
+    break;
+  }
+  case TOKEN_BANG: {
+    code[cp++] = OP_NOT;
+    break;
+  }
+  default:
+    return;
+  }
+}
+
+static void cast(TokenType prev) {
+  switch (prev) {
+  case TOKEN_TYPE_I8: {
+
+    break;
+  }
+  case TOKEN_TYPE_I16: {
+
+    break;
+  }
+  case TOKEN_TYPE_INT: {
+
+    break;
+  }
+  case TOKEN_TYPE_U8: {
+
+    break;
+  }
+  case TOKEN_TYPE_U16: {
+
+    break;
+  }
+  case TOKEN_TYPE_NAT: {
+
+    break;
+  }
+  case TOKEN_TYPE_REAL: {
+
+    break;
+  }
+  case TOKEN_TYPE_BOOL: {
+
+    break;
+  }
+  case TOKEN_TYPE_STR: {
+
+    break;
+  }
+  default: {
+    printf("Cannot cast to type (%s)\n", token_type_to_string(parser.previous.type));
+  }
+  }
+}
+
+static void binary() {
+  TokenType operatorType = parser.previous.type;
+  TokenType operand = parser.current.type;
+
+  ParseRule *rule = getRule(operatorType);
+  parsePrecedence((Precedence)(rule->precedence + 1));
+
+  printf("before prev: %s, operatorType: %s, operand: %s\n",
+         token_type_to_string(parser.previous.type),
+         token_type_to_string(operatorType),
+        token_type_to_string(operand));
+
+  switch (operatorType) {
+  case TOKEN_KEYWORD_AS: {
+    cast(parser.previous.type);
+    break;
+  }
+  case TOKEN_PLUS: {
+    switch (parser.previous.type) {
+    case TOKEN_LITERAL_INT:
+      code[cp++] = OP_ADD_INT;
+      break;
+    case TOKEN_LITERAL_NAT:
+      code[cp++] = OP_ADD_NAT;
+      break;
+    case TOKEN_LITERAL_REAL:
+      code[cp++] = OP_ADD_REAL;
+      break;
+    case TOKEN_IDENTIFIER:
+      printf("FIXME: find the identifier's type for add\n");
+      break;
+    default:
+      printf("Unknown Add Arg=%d\n", parser.previous.type);
+      return;
+    }
+    break;
+  }
+  case TOKEN_MINUS: {
+    switch (parser.previous.type) {
+    case TOKEN_LITERAL_INT:
+      code[cp++] = OP_SUB_INT;
+      break;
+    case TOKEN_LITERAL_NAT:
+      code[cp++] = OP_SUB_NAT;
+      break;
+    case TOKEN_LITERAL_REAL:
+      code[cp++] = OP_SUB_REAL;
+      break;
+    case TOKEN_IDENTIFIER:
+      printf("FIXME: find the identifier's type for sub\n");
+      break;
+    default:
+      printf("Unknown Sub Arg=%d\n", parser.previous.type);
+      return; // Unreachable.
+    }
+    break;
+  }
+  case TOKEN_STAR: {
+    switch (parser.previous.type) {
+    case TOKEN_LITERAL_INT:
+      code[cp++] = OP_MUL_INT;
+      break;
+    case TOKEN_LITERAL_NAT:
+      code[cp++] = OP_MUL_NAT;
+      break;
+    case TOKEN_LITERAL_REAL:
+      code[cp++] = OP_MUL_REAL;
+      break;
+    case TOKEN_IDENTIFIER:
+      printf("FIXME: find the identifier's type for mul\n");
+      break;
+    default:
+      printf("Unknown Mul Arg=%d\n", parser.previous.type);
+      return; // Unreachable.
+    }
+    break;
+  }
+  case TOKEN_SLASH: {
+    switch (parser.previous.type) {
+    case TOKEN_LITERAL_INT:
+      code[cp++] = OP_DIV_INT;
+      break;
+    case TOKEN_LITERAL_NAT:
+      code[cp++] = OP_DIV_NAT;
+      break;
+    case TOKEN_LITERAL_REAL:
+      code[cp++] = OP_DIV_REAL;
+      break;
+    case TOKEN_IDENTIFIER:
+      printf("FIXME: find the identifier's type for div\n");
+      break;
+    default:
+      printf("Unknown Div Arg=%d\n", parser.previous.type);
+      return; // Unreachable.
+    }
+    break;
+  }
+  case TOKEN_EQ_EQ: {
+    switch (parser.previous.type) {
+    case TOKEN_LITERAL_INT:
+    case TOKEN_LITERAL_REAL:
+      code[cp++] = OP_EQS;
+      break;
+    case TOKEN_LITERAL_NAT:
+      code[cp++] = OP_EQU;
+      break;
+    case TOKEN_IDENTIFIER:
+      printf("FIXME: find the identifier's type for ==\n");
+      break;
+    default:
+      printf("Unknown == Arg=%d\n", parser.previous.type);
+      return; // Unreachable.
+    }
+    break;
+  }
+  case TOKEN_BANG_EQ: {
+    switch (parser.previous.type) {
+    case TOKEN_LITERAL_INT:
+    case TOKEN_LITERAL_REAL:
+      code[cp++] = OP_NES;
+      break;
+    case TOKEN_LITERAL_NAT:
+      code[cp++] = OP_NEU;
+      break;
+    case TOKEN_IDENTIFIER:
+      printf("FIXME: find the identifier's type for !=\n");
+      break;
+    default:
+      printf("Unknown != Arg=%d\n", parser.previous.type);
+      return; // Unreachable.
+    }
+    break;
+  }
+  case TOKEN_GT: {
+    switch (parser.previous.type) {
+    case TOKEN_LITERAL_INT:
+    case TOKEN_LITERAL_REAL:
+      code[cp++] = OP_GTS;
+      break;
+    case TOKEN_LITERAL_NAT:
+      code[cp++] = OP_GTU;
+      break;
+    case TOKEN_IDENTIFIER:
+      printf("FIXME: find the identifier's type for >\n");
+      break;
+    default:
+      printf("Unknown > Arg=%d\n", parser.previous.type);
+      return; // Unreachable.
+    }
+    break;
+  }
+  case TOKEN_GTE: {
+    switch (parser.previous.type) {
+    case TOKEN_LITERAL_INT:
+    case TOKEN_LITERAL_REAL:
+      code[cp++] = OP_GES;
+      break;
+    case TOKEN_LITERAL_NAT:
+      code[cp++] = OP_GEU;
+      break;
+    case TOKEN_IDENTIFIER:
+      printf("FIXME: find the identifier's type for >=\n");
+      break;
+    default:
+      printf("Unknown >= Arg=%d\n", parser.previous.type);
+      return; // Unreachable.
+    }
+    break;
+  }
+  case TOKEN_LT: {
+    switch (parser.previous.type) {
+    case TOKEN_LITERAL_INT:
+    case TOKEN_LITERAL_REAL:
+      code[cp++] = OP_LTS;
+      break;
+    case TOKEN_LITERAL_NAT:
+      code[cp++] = OP_LTU;
+      break;
+    case TOKEN_IDENTIFIER:
+      printf("FIXME: find the identifier's type for <\n");
+      break;
+    default:
+      printf("Unknown < Arg=%d\n", parser.previous.type);
+      return; // Unreachable.
+    }
+    break;
+  }
+  case TOKEN_LTE: {
+    switch (parser.previous.type) {
+    case TOKEN_LITERAL_REAL:
+    case TOKEN_LITERAL_INT:
+      code[cp++] = OP_LES;
+      break;
+    case TOKEN_LITERAL_NAT:
+      code[cp++] = OP_LEU;
+      break;
+    case TOKEN_IDENTIFIER:
+      printf("FIXME: find the identifier's type for <=\n");
+      break;
+    default:
+      printf("Unknown <= Arg=%d\n", parser.previous.type);
+      return; // Unreachable.
+    }
+    break;
+  }
+  default:
+    return; // Unreachable.
+  }
+}
+
+static void literal() {
+  switch (parser.previous.type) {
+  case TOKEN_KEYWORD_NIL: {
+    code[cp++] = OP_PUSH_8;
+    code[cp++] = 0;
+    break;
+  }
+  case TOKEN_KEYWORD_TRUE: {
+    code[cp++] = OP_PUSH_8;
+    code[cp++] = 1;
+    break;
+  }
+  case TOKEN_KEYWORD_FALSE: {
+    code[cp++] = OP_PUSH_8;
+    code[cp++] = 0;
+    break;
+  }
+  default:
+    return; // Unreachable.
+  }
+}
+
+static void string() {
+  u32 addr = mp;
+  const char *src = parser.previous.start + 1;
+  i32 len = 0;
+  i32 i = 0;
+
+  while (i < parser.previous.length - 2) {
+    char c = src[i++];
+    if (c == '\\' && i < parser.previous.length - 2) {
+      switch (src[i++]) {
+      case 'n':
+        c = '\n';
+        break;
+      case 't':
+        c = '\t';
+        break;
+      case 'r':
+        c = '\r';
+        break;
+      case '\\':
+      case '"':
+      case '\'':
+        break;
+      default:
+        i--; /* Rewind for unknown escapes */
+      }
+    }
+    WRITE_U8(addr + 4 + len, c);
+    len++;
+  }
+
+  u32 size = len + 5; /* 4 (len) + dst_len + 1 (null) */
+  mp += size;
+
+  WRITE_U32(addr, len);
+  WRITE_U8(addr + 4 + len, '\0');
+
+  /* push address of string on the stack */
+  code[cp++] = OP_PUSH_32;
+  code[cp++] = (addr) & 0xFF;
+  code[cp++] = ((addr) >> 8) & 0xFF;
+  code[cp++] = ((addr) >> 16) & 0xFF;
+  code[cp++] = ((addr) >> 24) & 0xFF;
+}
+
+ParseRule rules[] = {
+    [TOKEN_LPAREN] = {grouping, NULL, PREC_NONE},
+    [TOKEN_RPAREN] = {NULL, NULL, PREC_NONE},
+    [TOKEN_LBRACE] = {NULL, NULL, PREC_NONE},
+    [TOKEN_RBRACE] = {NULL, NULL, PREC_NONE},
+    [TOKEN_COMMA] = {NULL, NULL, PREC_NONE},
+    [TOKEN_DOT] = {NULL, NULL, PREC_NONE},
+    [TOKEN_MINUS] = {unary, binary, PREC_TERM},
+    [TOKEN_PLUS] = {NULL, binary, PREC_TERM},
+    [TOKEN_SEMICOLON] = {NULL, NULL, PREC_NONE},
+    [TOKEN_SLASH] = {NULL, binary, PREC_FACTOR},
+    [TOKEN_STAR] = {NULL, binary, PREC_FACTOR},
+    [TOKEN_BANG] = {unary, NULL, PREC_NONE},
+    [TOKEN_BANG_EQ] = {NULL, binary, PREC_EQUALITY},
+    [TOKEN_EQ] = {NULL, NULL, PREC_NONE},
+    [TOKEN_EQ_EQ] = {NULL, binary, PREC_EQUALITY},
+    [TOKEN_GT] = {NULL, binary, PREC_COMPARISON},
+    [TOKEN_GTE] = {NULL, binary, PREC_COMPARISON},
+    [TOKEN_LT] = {NULL, binary, PREC_COMPARISON},
+    [TOKEN_LTE] = {NULL, binary, PREC_COMPARISON},
+    [TOKEN_IDENTIFIER] = {NULL, NULL, PREC_NONE},
+    [TOKEN_LITERAL_STR] = {string, NULL, PREC_NONE},
+    [TOKEN_LITERAL_INT] = {number, NULL, PREC_NONE},
+    [TOKEN_LITERAL_NAT] = {number, NULL, PREC_NONE},
+    [TOKEN_LITERAL_REAL] = {number, NULL, PREC_NONE},
+    [TOKEN_AND] = {NULL, NULL, PREC_NONE},
+    [TOKEN_KEYWORD_AS] = {NULL, binary, PREC_CAST},
+    [TOKEN_KEYWORD_PLEX] = {NULL, NULL, PREC_NONE},
+    [TOKEN_KEYWORD_ELSE] = {NULL, NULL, PREC_NONE},
+    [TOKEN_KEYWORD_FALSE] = {literal, NULL, PREC_NONE},
+    [TOKEN_KEYWORD_FOR] = {NULL, NULL, PREC_NONE},
+    [TOKEN_KEYWORD_FN] = {NULL, NULL, PREC_NONE},
+    [TOKEN_KEYWORD_IF] = {NULL, NULL, PREC_NONE},
+    [TOKEN_KEYWORD_NIL] = {literal, NULL, PREC_NONE},
+    [TOKEN_OPERATOR_OR] = {NULL, NULL, PREC_NONE},
+    [TOKEN_KEYWORD_RETURN] = {NULL, NULL, PREC_NONE},
+    [TOKEN_KEYWORD_TRUE] = {literal, NULL, PREC_NONE},
+    [TOKEN_ERROR] = {NULL, NULL, PREC_NONE},
+    [TOKEN_EOF] = {NULL, NULL, PREC_NONE},
+};
+
+ParseRule *getRule(TokenType type) { return &rules[type]; }
+
+void parsePrecedence(Precedence precedence) {
+
+  advance();
+  ParseFn prefixRule = getRule(parser.previous.type)->prefix;
+  if (prefixRule == NULL) {
+    error("Expect expression.");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  prefixRule();
+
+  while (precedence <= getRule(parser.current.type)->precedence) {
+    advance();
+    ParseFn infixRule = getRule(parser.previous.type)->infix;
+    infixRule();
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Compile.
+ */
+bool compile(ScopeTable *st, char *source) {
+  USED(st);
+
+  initLexer(source);
+  advance();
+  expression();
+  consume(TOKEN_EOF, "Cannot find end of expression.");
+
+  // technically should not need, but just in case
+  code[cp++] = OP_HALT;
+
+  return true;
+}

tools/compiler/compiler.h

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+#ifndef UNDAR_COMPILER_H
+#define UNDAR_COMPILER_H
+
+#include "../../vm/libc.h"
+#include "../../vm/vm.h"
+
+typedef enum { GLOBAL, LOCAL } ScopeType;
+typedef enum {
+  VOID,
+  BOOL,
+  I8,
+  I16,
+  I32,
+  U8,
+  U16,
+  U32,
+  F8,
+  F16,
+  F32,
+  STR,
+  PLEX,
+  ARRAY,
+  FUNCTION
+} SymbolType;
+
+typedef struct symbol_s Symbol;
+typedef struct symbol_tab_s SymbolTable;
+typedef struct value_type_s ValueType;
+typedef struct plex_fields_tab_s PlexFieldsTable;
+typedef struct plex_def_s PlexDef;
+typedef struct plex_tab_s PlexTable;
+typedef struct scope_s Scope;
+typedef struct scope_tab_s ScopeTable;
+
+struct value_type_s {
+  SymbolType type;
+  u32 name;
+  u32 size;
+  u32 table_ref; // if it is a heap object
+};
+
+struct plex_def_s {
+  u32 name;
+  u32 size;
+  u32 field_ref_start;
+  u32 field_count;
+};
+
+struct plex_fields_tab_s {
+  u32 *plex_refs;
+  ValueType *fields;
+  u32 count;
+  u32 capacity;
+};
+
+struct plex_tab_s {
+  PlexDef *symbols;
+  u32 count;
+  u32 capacity;
+};
+
+#define MAX_SYMBOL_NAME_LENGTH 64
+struct symbol_s {
+  char name[MAX_SYMBOL_NAME_LENGTH];
+  u8 name_length;
+  SymbolType type;
+  ScopeType scope;
+  u32 ref;  // vm->mp if global, vm->pc local, register if var 
+  u32 size; // size of symbol
+};
+
+#define MAX_SYMBOLS 256
+struct symbol_tab_s {
+  Symbol symbols[MAX_SYMBOLS];
+  u8 count;
+  i32 parent;
+};
+
+struct scope_tab_s {
+  SymbolTable *scopes;
+  u32 count;
+  u32 capacity;
+  i32 scope_ref;
+};
+
+
+typedef enum {
+  PREC_NONE,
+  PREC_ASSIGNMENT,  // =
+  PREC_OR,          // or
+  PREC_AND,         // and
+  PREC_EQUALITY,    // == !=
+  PREC_COMPARISON,  // < > <= >=
+  PREC_TERM,        // + -
+  PREC_FACTOR,      // * /
+  PREC_CAST,        // as
+  PREC_UNARY,       // ! -  
+  PREC_CALL,        // . ()
+  PREC_PRIMARY
+} Precedence;
+
+typedef void (*ParseFn)();
+
+typedef struct {
+  ParseFn prefix;
+  ParseFn infix;
+  Precedence precedence;
+} ParseRule;
+
+
+bool compile(ScopeTable *st, char *source);
+extern bool table_realloc(ScopeTable *table);/* implement this in arch/ not here */
+extern void error(const char* msg);
+
+#endif

tools/compiler/parser.c

@@ -0,0 +1,510 @@
+#include "parser.h"
+
+Lexer lexer;
+
+void initLexer(const char *source) {
+  lexer.start = source;
+  lexer.current = source;
+  lexer.line = 1;
+}
+
+static bool isAlpha(char c) {
+  return (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') || (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') || c == '_';
+}
+
+static bool isDigit(char c) { return c >= '0' && c <= '9'; }
+
+static bool isAtEnd() { return *lexer.current == '\0'; }
+
+static char advance() {
+  lexer.current++;
+  return lexer.current[-1];
+}
+
+static char peek() { return *lexer.current; }
+
+static char peekNext() {
+  if (isAtEnd())
+    return '\0';
+  return lexer.current[1];
+}
+
+static bool match(char expected) {
+  if (isAtEnd())
+    return false;
+  if (*lexer.current != expected)
+    return false;
+  lexer.current++;
+  return true;
+}
+
+static Token makeToken(TokenType type) {
+  Token token;
+  token.type = type;
+  token.start = lexer.start;
+  token.length = (int)(lexer.current - lexer.start);
+  token.line = lexer.line;
+  return token;
+}
+
+static Token errorToken(const char *message) {
+  Token token;
+  token.type = TOKEN_ERROR;
+  token.start = message;
+  token.length = (int)slen(message);
+  token.line = lexer.line;
+  return token;
+}
+
+static void skipWhitespace() {
+  for (;;) {
+    char c = peek();
+    switch (c) {
+    case ' ':
+    case '\r':
+    case '\t':
+      advance();
+      break;
+    case '\n':
+      lexer.line++;
+      advance();
+      break;
+    case '/':
+      if (peekNext() == '/') {
+        // Single-line comment: skip until newline or end of file
+        advance();
+        while (peek() != '\n' && !isAtEnd())
+          advance();
+      } else if (peekNext() == '*') {
+        // Multi-line comment: skip until '*/' or end of file
+        advance();
+        advance();
+        while (!isAtEnd()) {
+          if (peek() == '\n')
+            lexer.line++;
+          if (peek() == '*' && peekNext() == '/') {
+            advance();
+            advance();
+            break; // Exit loop, comment ended
+          }
+          advance();
+        }
+      } else {
+        return; // Not a comment, let tokenization handle it
+      }
+      break;
+    default:
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static TokenType checkKeyword(int start, int length, const char *rest,
+                              TokenType type) {
+  if (lexer.current - lexer.start == start + length &&
+      sleq(lexer.start + start, rest, length)) {
+    return type;
+  }
+
+  return TOKEN_IDENTIFIER;
+}
+
+static TokenType identifierType() {
+  switch (lexer.start[0]) {
+  case 'a':
+    if (lexer.current - lexer.start > 1) {
+      switch (lexer.start[1]) {
+      case 'n':
+        return checkKeyword(2, 1, "d", TOKEN_OPERATOR_AND);
+      case 's':
+        return checkKeyword(2, 0, "", TOKEN_KEYWORD_AS);
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+  case 'c':
+    if (lexer.current - lexer.start > 1) {
+      switch (lexer.start[1]) {
+      case 'l':
+        return checkKeyword(2, 3, "ose", TOKEN_KEYWORD_CLOSE);
+      case 'o':
+        return checkKeyword(2, 3, "nst", TOKEN_KEYWORD_CONST);
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+  case 'e':
+    return checkKeyword(1, 3, "lse", TOKEN_KEYWORD_ELSE);
+  case 'f':
+    if (lexer.current - lexer.start > 1) {
+      switch (lexer.start[1]) {
+      case 'a':
+        return checkKeyword(2, 3, "lse", TOKEN_KEYWORD_FALSE);
+      case 'o':
+        return checkKeyword(2, 1, "r", TOKEN_KEYWORD_FOR);
+      case '3':
+        return checkKeyword(2, 1, "2", TOKEN_TYPE_REAL);
+      }
+      return checkKeyword(1, 7, "unction", TOKEN_KEYWORD_FN);
+    }
+    break;
+  case 'i':
+    if (lexer.current - lexer.start > 1) {
+      switch (lexer.start[1]) {
+      case 'f':
+        return checkKeyword(2, 0, "", TOKEN_KEYWORD_IF);
+      case 's':
+        return checkKeyword(2, 0, "", TOKEN_KEYWORD_IS);
+      case '8':
+        return checkKeyword(2, 0, "", TOKEN_TYPE_I8);
+      case '1':
+        return checkKeyword(2, 1, "6", TOKEN_TYPE_I16);
+      case '3':
+        return checkKeyword(2, 1, "2", TOKEN_TYPE_INT);
+      case 'n':
+        if (lexer.current - lexer.start > 2) {
+          switch (lexer.start[2]) {
+          case 'i':
+            return checkKeyword(3, 2, "t", TOKEN_KEYWORD_INIT);
+          case 't':
+            return checkKeyword(3, 0, "", TOKEN_TYPE_INT);
+          }
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+  case 'n':
+    if (lexer.current - lexer.start > 1) {
+      switch (lexer.start[1]) {
+      case 'a':
+        return checkKeyword(2, 1, "t", TOKEN_TYPE_NAT);
+      case 'i':
+        return checkKeyword(2, 1, "l", TOKEN_KEYWORD_NIL);
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+  case 'o':
+    if (lexer.current - lexer.start > 1) {
+      switch (lexer.start[1]) {
+      case 'p':
+        return checkKeyword(2, 2, "en", TOKEN_KEYWORD_OPEN);
+      case 'r':
+        return checkKeyword(2, 0, "", TOKEN_OPERATOR_OR);
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+  case 'p':
+    if (lexer.current - lexer.start > 1) {
+      switch (lexer.start[1]) {
+      case 'l':
+        return checkKeyword(2, 2, "ex", TOKEN_KEYWORD_PLEX);
+      }      
+    }
+    break;
+  case 'r':
+    if (lexer.current - lexer.start > 1) {
+      switch (lexer.start[1]) {
+      case 'e':
+        if (lexer.current - lexer.start > 2) {
+          switch (lexer.start[2]) {
+          case 'f':
+            return checkKeyword(3, 4, "resh", TOKEN_KEYWORD_REFRESH);
+          case 't':
+            return checkKeyword(3, 3, "urn", TOKEN_KEYWORD_RETURN);
+          case 'a':
+            if (lexer.current - lexer.start > 3) {
+              switch (lexer.start[3]) {
+                case 'd': {
+                  return checkKeyword(4, 0, "", TOKEN_KEYWORD_READ);
+                }
+                case 'l': {
+                  return checkKeyword(4, 0, "", TOKEN_TYPE_REAL);
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+  case 's':
+    if (lexer.current - lexer.start > 1) {
+      switch (lexer.start[1]) {
+      case 't':
+        return checkKeyword(2, 1, "r", TOKEN_TYPE_STR);
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+  case 't':
+    if (lexer.current - lexer.start > 1) {
+      switch (lexer.start[1]) {
+      case 'h':
+        return checkKeyword(2, 2, "is", TOKEN_KEYWORD_THIS);
+      case 'r':
+        return checkKeyword(2, 2, "ue", TOKEN_KEYWORD_TRUE);
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+  case 'u':
+    if (lexer.current - lexer.start > 1) {
+      switch (lexer.start[1]) {
+      case 's':
+        return checkKeyword(2, 1, "e", TOKEN_KEYWORD_USE);
+      case '8':
+        return checkKeyword(2, 0, "", TOKEN_TYPE_U8);
+      case '1':
+        return checkKeyword(2, 1, "6", TOKEN_TYPE_U16);
+      case '3':
+        return checkKeyword(2, 1, "2", TOKEN_TYPE_NAT);
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+  case 'w':
+    if (lexer.current - lexer.start > 1) {
+      switch (lexer.start[1]) {
+      case 'h':
+        return checkKeyword(2, 3, "ile", TOKEN_KEYWORD_WHILE);
+      case 'r':
+        return checkKeyword(2, 3, "ite", TOKEN_KEYWORD_WRITE);
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+  case 'g':
+    return checkKeyword(1, 5, "lobal", TOKEN_KEYWORD_GLOBAL);
+  }
+
+  return TOKEN_IDENTIFIER;
+}
+
+static Token identifier() {
+  while (isAlpha(peek()) || isDigit(peek()))
+    advance();
+  return makeToken(identifierType());
+}
+
+static Token number() {
+  while (isDigit(peek()))
+    advance();
+
+  /*  Look for a fractional part. */
+  if (peek() == '.' && isDigit(peekNext())) {
+    /*  Consume the ".". */
+    advance();
+
+    while (isDigit(peek()))
+      advance();
+
+    return makeToken(TOKEN_LITERAL_REAL);
+  }
+
+  return makeToken(TOKEN_LITERAL_INT);
+}
+
+static Token string() {
+  while (peek() != '"' && !isAtEnd()) {
+    if (peek() == '\n')
+      lexer.line++;
+    advance();
+  }
+
+  if (isAtEnd())
+    return errorToken("Unterminated string.");
+
+  /*  The closing quote. */
+  advance();
+  return makeToken(TOKEN_LITERAL_STR);
+}
+
+Token next_token() {
+  skipWhitespace();
+  lexer.start = lexer.current;
+
+  if (isAtEnd())
+    return makeToken(TOKEN_EOF);
+
+  char c = advance();
+  if (isAlpha(c))
+    return identifier();
+  if (isDigit(c))
+    return number();
+
+  switch (c) {
+  case '(':
+    return makeToken(TOKEN_LPAREN);
+  case ')':
+    return makeToken(TOKEN_RPAREN);
+  case '{':
+    return makeToken(TOKEN_LBRACE);
+  case '}':
+    return makeToken(TOKEN_RBRACE);
+  case '[':
+    return makeToken(TOKEN_LBRACKET);
+  case ']':
+    return makeToken(TOKEN_RBRACKET);
+  case ';':
+    return makeToken(TOKEN_SEMICOLON);
+  case ',':
+    return makeToken(TOKEN_COMMA);
+  case '.':
+    return makeToken(TOKEN_DOT);
+  case '-':
+    return makeToken(match('>') ? TOKEN_ARROW_RIGHT : TOKEN_MINUS);
+  case '+':
+    return makeToken(TOKEN_PLUS);
+  case '/':
+    return makeToken(TOKEN_SLASH);
+  case '&':
+    return makeToken(match('&') ? TOKEN_AND_AND : TOKEN_AND);
+  case '#':
+    return makeToken(TOKEN_MESH);
+  case '$':
+    return makeToken(TOKEN_BIG_MONEY);
+  case '*':
+    return makeToken(TOKEN_STAR);
+  case '!':
+    return makeToken(match('=') ? TOKEN_BANG_EQ : TOKEN_BANG);
+  case '=':
+    return makeToken(match('=') ? TOKEN_EQ_EQ : TOKEN_EQ);
+  case '<':
+    return makeToken(match('=') ? TOKEN_LTE : TOKEN_LT);
+  case '>':
+    return makeToken(match('=') ? TOKEN_GTE : TOKEN_GT);
+  case '"':
+    return string();
+  }
+
+  return errorToken("Unexpected character.");
+}
+
+const char *token_type_to_string(TokenType type) {
+  switch (type) {
+  case TOKEN_EOF:
+    return "EOF";
+  case TOKEN_IDENTIFIER:
+    return "IDENTIFIER";
+  case TOKEN_LITERAL_INT:
+    return "LITERAL_INT";
+  case TOKEN_LITERAL_NAT:
+    return "LITERAL_NAT";
+  case TOKEN_LITERAL_REAL:
+    return "LITERAL_REAL";
+  case TOKEN_LITERAL_STR:
+    return "LITERAL_STR";
+  case TOKEN_TYPE_INT:
+    return "TYPE_INT";
+  case TOKEN_TYPE_NAT:
+    return "TYPE_NAT";
+  case TOKEN_TYPE_REAL:
+    return "TYPE_REAL";
+  case TOKEN_TYPE_STR:
+    return "TYPE_STR";
+  case TOKEN_KEYWORD_PLEX:
+    return "KEYWORD_PLEX";
+  case TOKEN_KEYWORD_FN:
+    return "KEYWORD_FN";
+  case TOKEN_KEYWORD_CONST:
+    return "KEYWORD_CONST";
+  case TOKEN_KEYWORD_IF:
+    return "KEYWORD_IF";
+  case TOKEN_KEYWORD_IS:
+    return "IS";
+  case TOKEN_KEYWORD_AS:
+    return "AS";
+  case TOKEN_KEYWORD_ELSE:
+    return "KEYWORD_ELSE";
+  case TOKEN_KEYWORD_WHILE:
+    return "KEYWORD_WHILE";
+  case TOKEN_KEYWORD_FOR:
+    return "KEYWORD_FOR";
+  case TOKEN_KEYWORD_RETURN:
+    return "KEYWORD_RETURN";
+  case TOKEN_KEYWORD_USE:
+    return "KEYWORD_USE";
+  case TOKEN_KEYWORD_INIT:
+    return "KEYWORD_INIT";
+  case TOKEN_KEYWORD_THIS:
+    return "KEYWORD_THIS";
+  case TOKEN_KEYWORD_OPEN:
+    return "TOKEN_KEYWORD_OPEN";
+  case TOKEN_KEYWORD_READ:
+    return "TOKEN_KEYWORD_READ";
+  case TOKEN_KEYWORD_WRITE:
+    return "TOKEN_KEYWORD_WRITE";
+  case TOKEN_KEYWORD_REFRESH:
+    return "TOKEN_KEYWORD_REFRESH";
+  case TOKEN_KEYWORD_CLOSE:
+    return "TOKEN_KEYWORD_CLOSE";
+  case TOKEN_KEYWORD_NIL:
+    return "KEYWORD_NIL";
+  case TOKEN_KEYWORD_TRUE:
+    return "KEYWORD_TRUE";
+  case TOKEN_KEYWORD_FALSE:
+    return "KEYWORD_FALSE";
+  case TOKEN_KEYWORD_GLOBAL:
+    return "KEYWORD_GLOBAL";
+  case TOKEN_OPERATOR_NOT:
+    return "OPERATOR_NOT";
+  case TOKEN_OPERATOR_AND:
+    return "OPERATOR_AND";
+  case TOKEN_OPERATOR_OR:
+    return "OPERATOR_OR";
+  case TOKEN_BANG:
+    return "BANG";
+  case TOKEN_BANG_EQ:
+    return "BANG_EQ";
+  case TOKEN_EQ:
+    return "EQ";
+  case TOKEN_EQ_EQ:
+    return "EQ_EQ";
+  case TOKEN_GT:
+    return "GT";
+  case TOKEN_LT:
+    return "LT";
+  case TOKEN_GTE:
+    return "GTE";
+  case TOKEN_LTE:
+    return "LTE";
+  case TOKEN_DOT:
+    return "DOT";
+  case TOKEN_COMMA:
+    return "COMMA";
+  case TOKEN_COLON:
+    return "COLON";
+  case TOKEN_SEMICOLON:
+    return "SEMICOLON";
+  case TOKEN_PLUS:
+    return "PLUS";
+  case TOKEN_MINUS:
+    return "MINUS";
+  case TOKEN_STAR:
+    return "STAR";
+  case TOKEN_SLASH:
+    return "SLASH";
+  case TOKEN_LPAREN:
+    return "LPAREN";
+  case TOKEN_RPAREN:
+    return "RPAREN";
+  case TOKEN_LBRACE:
+    return "LBRACE";
+  case TOKEN_RBRACE:
+    return "RBRACE";
+  case TOKEN_LBRACKET:
+    return "LBRACKET";
+  case TOKEN_RBRACKET:
+    return "RBRACKET";
+  case TOKEN_ARROW_RIGHT:
+    return "ARROW_RIGHT";
+  case TOKEN_MESH:
+    return "MESH";
+  case TOKEN_BIG_MONEY:
+    return "BIG_MONEY";
+  case TOKEN_AND:
+    return "AND";
+  case TOKEN_AND_AND:
+    return "AND_AND";
+  case TOKEN_ERROR:
+    return "ERROR";
+  default:
+    return "UNKNOWN_TOKEN";
+  }
+}

tools/compiler/parser.h

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 #ifndef UNDAR_LEXER_H
 #define UNDAR_LEXER_H
 
+#include "../../vm/libc.h"
+
 typedef enum {
   TOKEN_EOF,
   TOKEN_IDENTIFIER,
@@ -75,14 +77,31 @@ typedef enum {
   TOKEN_ERROR
 } TokenType;
 
-typedef struct {
+typedef struct token_s Token;
+typedef struct parser_s Parser;
+typedef struct lexer_s Lexer;
+
+struct token_s{
   TokenType type;
   const char *start;
   int length;
   int line;
-} Token;
+};
 
-void init_lexer(const char *source);
+struct lexer_s {
+  const char *start;
+  const char *current;
+  int line;
+};
+
+struct parser_s {
+  Token current;
+  Token previous;
+};
+
+
+void initLexer(const char *source);
 Token next_token();
+const char* token_type_to_string(TokenType type);
 
 #endif

vm/libc.h

@@ -26,6 +26,18 @@ typedef float f32;
 #define FLOAT_TO_REAL(v) (((i32)(v)) * 65536.0f)
 #define REAL_TO_FLOAT(v) (((f32)(v)) / 65536.0f)
 
+#define I8_MIN -128
+#define I8_MAX 127
+#define U8_MAX 255
+ 
+#define I16_MIN -32768
+#define I16_MAX 32767
+#define U16_MAX 65535
+ 
+#define I32_MIN -2147483648
+#define I32_MAX 2147483647
+#define U32_MAX 4294967295
+
 void mcpy(void *dest, void *src, u32 n);
 i32 scpy(char* to, const char *from, u32 length);
 bool seq(const char *s1, const char *s2);

vm/vm.c

@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 #include "vm.h"
 #define FRAME_HEADER_SIZE 12
 
-u32 pc;       /* program counter */
-u32 cp;       /* code pointer */
-u32 mp;       /* memory pointer */
-u32 fp;       /* frame pointer */
-u8  lc;       /* child local count */
-u8  status;   /* status flag */
-u8 interrupt; /* device interrupt */
-u32 *code;    /* code */
-u8 *mem;      /* memory */
+u32 *stack;    /* stack */
+u32 sp;        /* stack pointer */
+u8  *code;     /* code */
+u32 cp;        /* code pointer */
+u8  *mem;      /* memory */
+u32 mp;        /* memory pointer */
+Frame *frames; /* call frames */
+u32 fp;        /* frame pointer */
+u32 pc;        /* program counter */
+u8  status;    /* status flag */
+u8  interrupt; /* device interrupt */
 
 #define MAX_LEN_INT32 11
-#define MAX_INT32 2147483647
-#define MIN_INT32 -2147483648
 const char radix_set[11] = "0123456789";
 
 u32 str_alloc(char *str, u32 length) {
@@ -28,366 +28,279 @@ u32 str_alloc(char *str, u32 length) {
 }
 
 bool step_vm() {
-  u32 instruction = code[pc++];
-  u8 opcode = DECODE_OP(instruction);
-  u32 *locals = (u32*)(&mem[fp]);
-  u32 *globals = (u32*)(mem);
+  u16 opcode = code[pc++];
 
   switch (opcode) {
   case OP_HALT: {
-    /* no need to decode, all are zeros */
     return false;
   }
   case OP_CALL: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
-    /* function to jump to */
-    u32 fn_ptr = locals[dest]; 
-    /* get mp in 'global indexing mode' */
-    u32 *header = &globals[mp / 4];
-    /* reset child locals counter */
-    lc = 0;
-    /* push parents frame value to reset the heap to */
-    (*header++) = fp;
-    /* push return address to child frame */
-    (*header++) = pc;
-    /* push local address to return the value to */
-    (*header++) = fp + (src2 * 4);
-    /* increase the mp to new size */
-    mp += FRAME_HEADER_SIZE;
-    /* now set the frame pointer, where the locals start */
-    fp = mp;    
-    /* move mp forward by count many locals */
-    mp += (src1 * 4);
-    /* jump to dest_ptr */
+    u32 fn_ptr = stack[--sp]; 
+    frames[fp].return_pc = pc;
+    frames[fp++].start_mp = mp;
     pc = fn_ptr;
     return true;
   }
   case OP_RETURN: {
-    DECODE_B(instruction)
-    u32 size = 0;
-    u32 return_value = locals[dest];
-    bool is_ptr = (((u32)(1)) << 15) & imm;
-    bool replaces_value = (((u32)(1)) << 14) & imm;
-
-    /* reset mp to saved mp, use header size to get "real" start of frame */
-    u32 *frame_start = &globals[(fp / 4) - 3];
-    u32 parent_fp = *frame_start++;
-    u32 return_address = *frame_start++;
-    u32 parent_local_return_address = *frame_start++;
-
-    USED(replaces_value);
-    /* reset memory to parents end of memory */
-    mp = fp - FRAME_HEADER_SIZE;
-    /* reset the frame pointer */
-    fp = parent_fp;
-
-    if (is_ptr) {
-    /* copy value to end of mp if it is a pointer */
-      globals[parent_local_return_address/4] = mp;
-      size = globals[return_value/4];
-      globals[mp/4] = size;
-      mp += 4;
-      mcpy(&mem[mp], &mem[return_value], size);
-      mp += size;
-    } else {
-    /* otherwise just write the return value to its location */
-      mcpy(&mem[parent_local_return_address], &return_value, sizeof(u32));
-    }
-
-    /* jump to parent frame */
-    pc = return_address;
+    u32 return_pc = frames[--fp].return_pc;
+    u32 return_mp = frames[fp].start_mp;
+    mp = return_mp;
+    pc = return_pc;
     return true;
   }
   case OP_SYSCALL: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
-    u32 id = dest;   /* syscall id */
-    u32 size = src1; /* size of heap at that pointer */
-    u32 rd = locals[src2]; /* the pointer */
-    status = syscall(id, size, rd);
+    u32 id = stack[--sp]; /* syscall id */
+    u32 rd = stack[--sp]; /* the pointer */
+    status = syscall(id, rd);
     return true;
   }
-  case OP_PUSH: {
-    DECODE_B(instruction)
-    USED(imm); 
-    globals[(mp / 4) + lc + 3] = locals[dest];
-    lc++;
+  case OP_PUSH_8: {
+    u8 value = code[pc++];
+    stack[sp++] = value;
+    return true;
+  }
+  case OP_PUSH_16: {
+    u16 *values = (u16*)(code);
+    u16 value = values[pc/2];
+    pc+=2;
+    stack[sp++] = value;
+    return true;
+  }
+  case OP_PUSH_32: {
+    u32 value = ((u32)code[(pc) + 3] << 24) |
+   ((u32)code[(pc) + 2] << 16) |
+   ((u32)code[(pc) + 1] << 8) | ((u32)mem[(pc)]);
+    pc+=4;
+    stack[sp++] = value;
+    return true;
+  }
+  case OP_PUSH_MP: {
+    stack[sp++] = mp;
+    return true;
+  }
+  case OP_PUSH_START_MP: {
+    stack[sp++] = frames[fp - 1].start_mp;
     return true;
   }
   case OP_POP: {
-    DECODE_B(instruction)
-    USED(dest);
-    USED(imm); 
-    mp -= 4;
-    lc--;
+    --sp;
     return true;
   }
-  case OP_LOAD_IMM: {
-    DECODE_B(instruction)
-    locals[dest] = imm;
+  case OP_SET:{
+    Frame *f = &frames[fp - 1];
+    u32 *locals = f->locals;
+    u8 ptr = (u8)stack[--sp];
+    u32 value = stack[--sp];
+    locals[ptr] = value;
     return true;
   }
-  case OP_LOAD_UPPER_IMM: {
-    DECODE_B(instruction)
-    u32 value = locals[dest];
-    locals[dest] = (value | (((u32)(imm)) << 16));
+  case OP_SET_IMM:{
+    Frame *f = &frames[fp - 1];
+    u32 *locals = f->locals;
+    u8 ptr = code[pc++];
+    u32 value = stack[--sp];
+    locals[ptr] = value;
     return true;
   }
-  case OP_LOAD_IND_8: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
-    USED(src2);
-    locals[dest] = READ_U8(locals[src1]);
+  case OP_GET:{
+    Frame *f = &frames[fp - 1];
+    u32 *locals = f->locals;
+    u8 ptr = (u8)stack[--sp];
+    stack[sp++] = locals[ptr];
     return true;
   }
-  case OP_LOAD_IND_16: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
-    USED(src2);
-    locals[dest] = READ_U16(locals[src1]);
+  case OP_GET_IMM:{
+    Frame *f = &frames[fp - 1];
+    u32 *locals = f->locals;
+    u8 ptr = code[pc++];
+    stack[sp++] = locals[ptr];
     return true;
   }
-  case OP_LOAD_IND_32: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
-    USED(src2);
-    locals[dest] = READ_U32(locals[src1]);
+  case OP_LOAD_8: {
+    u32 ptr = stack[--sp];
+    u32 value = mem[ptr];
+    stack[sp++] = value;
     return true;
   }
-  case OP_LOAD_ABS_8: {
-    /* need multibyte for this, ignore for now */
-    status = 250;
-    return false;
-  }
-  case OP_LOAD_ABS_16: {
-    /* need multibyte for this, ignore for now */
-    status = 250;
-    return false;
-  }
-  case OP_LOAD_ABS_32: {
-    /* need multibyte for this, ignore for now */
-    status = 250;
-    return false;
-  }
-  case OP_LOAD_OFF_8: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
-    locals[dest] = READ_U8((locals[src1] + locals[src2]));
+  case OP_LOAD_16: {
+    u32 ptr = stack[--sp];
+    u16 *values = (u16*)(&mem[ptr]);
+    u32 value = values[0];
+    stack[sp++] = value;
     return true;
   }
-  case OP_LOAD_OFF_16: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
-    locals[dest] = READ_U16((locals[src1] + locals[src2]));
+  case OP_LOAD_32: {
+    u32 ptr = stack[--sp];
+    u32 *values = (u32*)(&mem[ptr]);
+    u32 value = values[0];
+    stack[sp++] = value;
     return true;
   }
-  case OP_LOAD_OFF_32: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
-    locals[dest] = READ_U32((locals[src1] + locals[src2]));
+  case OP_STORE_8: {
+    u32 ptr = stack[--sp];
+    u8 value = (u8)stack[--sp];
+    mem[ptr] = value;
     return true;
   }
-  case OP_STORE_ABS_8: {
-    /* need multibyte for this, ignore for now */
-    status = 250;
-    return false;
-  }
-  case OP_STORE_ABS_16: {
-    /* need multibyte for this, ignore for now */
-    status = 250;
-    return false;
-  }
-  case OP_STORE_ABS_32: {
-    /* need multibyte for this, ignore for now */
-    status = 250;
-    return false;
-  }
-  case OP_STORE_IND_8: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
-    USED(src2);
-    WRITE_U8(locals[dest], locals[src1]);
+  case OP_STORE_16: {
+    u32 ptr = stack[--sp];
+    u16 value = (u16)stack[--sp];
+    u16 *values = (u16*)(&mem[ptr]);
+    values[0] = value;
     return true;
   }
-  case OP_STORE_IND_16: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
-    USED(src2);
-    WRITE_U16(locals[dest], locals[src1]);
-    return true;
-  }
-  case OP_STORE_IND_32: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
-    USED(src2);
-    WRITE_U32(locals[dest], locals[src1]);
-    return true;
-  }
-  case OP_STORE_OFF_8: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
-    WRITE_U8((locals[dest] + locals[src2]), locals[src1]);
-    return true;
-  }
-  case OP_STORE_OFF_16: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
-    WRITE_U16((locals[dest] + locals[src2]), locals[src1]);
-    return true;
-  }
-  case OP_STORE_OFF_32: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
-    WRITE_U32((locals[dest] + locals[src2]), locals[src1]);
+  case OP_STORE_32: {
+    u32 ptr = stack[--sp];
+    u32 value = stack[--sp];
+    u32 *values = (u32*)(&mem[ptr]);
+    values[0] = value;
     return true;
   }
   case OP_MEM_ALLOC: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
-    u32 size = locals[src1];
-    locals[dest] = mp;
+    u32 size = stack[--sp];
+    stack[sp++] = mp;
     WRITE_U32(mp, size);
-    USED(src2);
     mp += (size + 4);
     return true;
   }
   case OP_MEM_CPY_8: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
-    u32 i = 0;
-    u32 mdest = locals[dest];
-    u32 msrc = locals[src1];
-    u32 count = locals[src2];
+    u8 *ptr_src;
+    u8 *ptr_dest;
+    u32 count = stack[--sp];
+    u32 src = stack[--sp];
+    u32 dest = stack[--sp];
 
-    if (mdest + count >= mp) {
+    if (dest + count >= mp) {
       status = 1;
       return true;
     }
 
-    for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-      mem[msrc + i] = mem[mdest + i];
-    }
+    ptr_dest = &mem[dest];
+    ptr_src = &mem[src];
+    if (ptr_dest == ptr_src) { return true; }
+    mcpy(ptr_dest, ptr_src, count*sizeof(u8));
 
     status = 0;
     return true;
   }
   case OP_MEM_CPY_16: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
-    u32 i = 0;
-    u32 mdest = locals[dest];
-    u32 msrc = locals[src1];
-    u32 count = locals[src2] * 2;
+    u8 *ptr_src;
+    u8 *ptr_dest;
+    u32 count = stack[--sp];
+    u32 src = stack[--sp];
+    u32 dest = stack[--sp];
 
-    if (mdest + count >= mp) {
+    if (dest + count >= mp) {
       status = 1;
       return true;
     }
 
-    for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-      u16 value = READ_U16(mdest + i);
-      WRITE_U16(msrc + i, value);
-    }
+    ptr_dest = &mem[dest];
+    ptr_src = &mem[src];
+    if (ptr_dest == ptr_src) { return true; }
+    mcpy(ptr_dest, ptr_src, count*sizeof(u16));
 
     status = 0;
     return true;
   }
   case OP_MEM_CPY_32: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
-    u32 i = 0;
-    u32 mdest = locals[dest];
-    u32 msrc = locals[src1];
-    u32 count = locals[src2];
+    u8 *ptr_src;
+    u8 *ptr_dest;
+    u32 count = stack[--sp];
+    u32 src = stack[--sp];
+    u32 dest = stack[--sp];
 
-    if (mdest + count >= mp) {
+    if (dest + count >= mp) {
       status = 1;
       return true;
     }
 
-    for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-      globals[msrc + i] = globals[mdest + i];
-    }
+    ptr_dest = &mem[dest];
+    ptr_src = &mem[src];
+    if (ptr_dest == ptr_src) { return true; }
+    mcpy(ptr_dest, ptr_src, count*sizeof(u32));
 
     status = 0;
     return true;
   }
   case OP_MEM_SET_8: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
-    u32 i, start, end;
+    u8 *ptr_dest;
+    u8 value = (u8)stack[--sp];
+    u32 count = stack[--sp];
+    u32 dest = stack[--sp];
 
-    u32 rd = fp + (dest * 4);
-    u32 r1 = fp + (src1 * 4);
-    u32 r2 = fp + (src2 * 4);
-
-    u8 value = (u8)READ_U32(r1);
-    u32 count = READ_U32(r2);
-
-    if (r2 == 0) {
+    if (dest + count >= mp) {
       status = 1;
       return true;
     }
 
-    start = READ_U32(rd);
-    end = start + count;
-
-    if (start >= mp || r2 > mp || end > mp) {
-      status = 1;
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    for (i = start; i < end; i++) {
-      mem[i] = value;
-    }
+    ptr_dest = &mem[dest];
+    mcpy(ptr_dest, &value, count*sizeof(u8));
 
     status = 0;
     return true;
   }
   case OP_MEM_SET_16: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
-    u32 i, start, end;
+    u8 *ptr_dest;
+    u16 value = (u16)stack[--sp];
+    u32 count = stack[--sp];
+    u32 dest = stack[--sp];
 
-    u32 rd = fp + (dest * 4);
-    u32 r1 = fp + (src1 * 4);
-    u32 r2 = fp + (src2 * 4);
-
-    u16 value = (u16)READ_U32(r1);
-    u32 count = READ_U32(r2);
-
-    if (r2 == 0) {
+    if (dest + count >= mp) {
       status = 1;
       return true;
     }
 
-    start = READ_U32(rd);
-    end = start + count;
-
-    if (start >= mp || r2 > mp || end > mp) {
-      status = 1;
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    for (i = start; i < end; i += 2) {
-      WRITE_U16(i, value);
-    }
+    ptr_dest = &mem[dest];
+    mcpy(ptr_dest, &value, count*sizeof(u16));
 
     status = 0;
     return true;
   }
   case OP_MEM_SET_32: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
-    u32 i, start, end;
+    u8 *ptr_dest;
+    u32 value = stack[--sp];
+    u32 count = stack[--sp];
+    u32 dest = stack[--sp];
 
-    u32 value = locals[src1];
-    u32 count = locals[src2];
-
-    if (count == 0) {
+    if (dest + count >= mp) {
       status = 1;
       return true;
     }
 
-    start = READ_U32(locals[dest]);
-    end = start + count;
-
-    if (start >= mp || count > mp || end > mp) {
-      status = 1;
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    for (i = start; i < end; i += 4) {
-      WRITE_U32(i, value);
-    }
+    ptr_dest = &mem[dest];
+    mcpy(ptr_dest, &value, count*sizeof(u32));
 
     status = 0;
     return true;
   }
-  case OP_MOV: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
-    USED(src2);
-    locals[dest] = locals[src1];
+  case OP_DUP: {
+    u32 a = stack[--sp];
+    stack[sp++] = a;
+    stack[sp++] = a;
+    return true;
+  }
+  case OP_EXCH: {
+    u32 a = stack[--sp];
+    u32 b = stack[--sp];
+    stack[sp++] = b;
+    stack[sp++] = a;
+    return true;
+  }
+  case OP_OVER: {
+    u32 a = stack[sp - 1];
+    stack[sp++] = a;
+    return true;
+  }
+  case OP_PICK: {
+    u32 n = stack[--sp];
+    u32 b = stack[sp - n];
+    stack[sp++] = b;
+    return true;
+  }
+  case OP_DEPTH: {
+    u32 a = sp;
+    stack[sp++] = a; 
     return true;
   }  
   case OP_ADD_INT: {
@@ -421,27 +334,27 @@ bool step_vm() {
     MATH_OP(i32, -);
   }
   case OP_MUL_REAL: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
+    i32 src1 = (i32)stack[--sp];
+    i32 src2 = (i32)stack[--sp];
 
-    i32 src1_whole = (i32)locals[src1] >> 16;
-    i32 src2_whole = (i32)locals[src2] >> 16;
+    i32 src1_whole = src1 >> 16;
+    i32 src2_whole = src2 >> 16;
 
-    i32 src1_decimal = (i32)locals[src1] & 16;
-    i32 src2_decimal = (i32)locals[src2] & 16;
+    i32 src1_decimal = src1 & 16;
+    i32 src2_decimal = src2 & 16;
 
     i32 result = 0;
     result += (src1_whole * src2_whole) << 16;
     result += (src1_whole * src2_decimal);
     result += (src1_decimal * src2_whole);
     result += ((src1_decimal * src2_decimal) >> 16) & 16;
-    locals[dest] = result;
+    stack[sp++] = result;
     return true;
   }
   case OP_DIV_REAL: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
     i32 result;
-    i32 src1_val = (i32)locals[src1];
-    i32 src2_val = (i32)locals[src2];
+    i32 src1_val = (i32)stack[--sp];
+    i32 src2_val = (i32)stack[--sp];
 
     u32 src2_reciprocal = 1;
     src2_reciprocal <<= 31;
@@ -450,180 +363,128 @@ bool step_vm() {
     result = src1_val * src2_reciprocal;
     result <<= 1;
 
-    locals[dest] = result;
+    stack[sp++] = result;
     return true;
   }
   case OP_INT_TO_REAL: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
-    i32 result = (i32)locals[src1] << 16;
-    USED(src2);
-    locals[dest] = result;
+    i32 result = (i32)stack[--sp] << 16;
+    stack[sp++] = result;
     return true;
   }
   case OP_INT_TO_NAT: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
-    u32 result = (u32)locals[src1];
-    USED(src2);
-    locals[dest] = result;
+    u32 result = (u32)stack[--sp];
+    stack[sp++] = result;
     return true;
   }
   case OP_NAT_TO_REAL: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
-    i32 result = (i32)locals[src1] << 16;
-    USED(src2);
-    locals[dest] = result;
+    i32 result = (i32)stack[--sp] << 16;
+    stack[sp++] = result;
     return true;
   }
   case OP_NAT_TO_INT: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
-    i32 result = (i32)locals[src1];
-    USED(src2);
-    locals[dest] = result;
+    i32 result = (i32)stack[--sp];
+    stack[sp++] = result;
     return true;
   }
   case OP_REAL_TO_INT: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
-    i32 result = (i32)locals[src1] >> 16;
-    USED(src2);
-    locals[dest] = result;
+    i32 result = (i32)stack[--sp] >> 16;
+    stack[sp++] = result;
     return true;
   }
   case OP_REAL_TO_NAT: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
-    u32 result = (u32)locals[src1] >> 16;
-    USED(src2);
-    locals[dest] = result;
+    u32 result = (u32)stack[--sp] >> 16;
+    stack[sp++] = result;
+    return true;
+  }
+  case OP_NEG: {
+    i32 a = (i32)stack[--sp];
+    stack[sp++] = -a;
+    return true;
+  }  
+  case OP_NOT: {
+    u32 a = !stack[--sp];
+    stack[sp++] = a;
     return true;
   }
   case OP_BIT_SHIFT_LEFT: {
-    MATH_OP_NO_CAST(<<);
+    MATH_OP(u32, <<);
   }
   case OP_BIT_SHIFT_RIGHT: {
-    MATH_OP_NO_CAST(>>);
+    MATH_OP(u32, >>);
   }
   case OP_BIT_SHIFT_R_EXT: {
     MATH_OP(i32, >>);
   }
   case OP_BIT_AND: {
-    MATH_OP_NO_CAST(&);
+    MATH_OP(u32, &);
   }
   case OP_BIT_OR: {
-    MATH_OP_NO_CAST(|);
+    MATH_OP(u32, |);
   }
   case OP_BIT_XOR: {
-    MATH_OP_NO_CAST(^);
+    MATH_OP(u32, ^);
   }
-  case OP_JMP_IMM: {
-   u32 imm = (((u32)code[(pc) + 3] << 24) |       
-      ((u32)code[(pc) + 2] << 16) |          
-      ((u32)code[(pc) + 1] << 8) | 
-      ((u32)code[(pc)]));
-    pc = imm;
-    return true;
+  case OP_EQS: {
+    MATH_OP(i32, ==);
   }
-  case OP_JMP_ABS: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
-    u32 jmp_dest = locals[dest];
-    if (jmp_dest > cp) {
-      status = 1;
-      return true;
-    }
-    USED(src1);
-    USED(src2);
-
-    pc = jmp_dest;
-    return true;
+  case OP_NES: {
+    MATH_OP(i32, !=);
   }
-  case OP_JMP_OFF: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
-    u32 jmp_dest = locals[dest] + locals[src1];
-    if (jmp_dest > cp) {
-      status = 1;
-      return true;
-    }
-    USED(src2);
-
-    pc = jmp_dest;
+  case OP_GTS: {
+    MATH_OP(i32, >);
+  }
+  case OP_LTS: {
+    MATH_OP(i32, <);
+  }
+  case OP_LES: {
+    MATH_OP(i32, <=);
+  }
+  case OP_GES: {
+    MATH_OP(i32, >=);
+  }
+  case OP_EQU: {
+    MATH_OP(u32, ==);
+  }
+  case OP_NEU: {
+    MATH_OP(u32, !=);
+  }
+  case OP_GTU: {
+    MATH_OP(u32, >);
+  }
+  case OP_LTU: {
+    MATH_OP(u32, <);
+  }
+  case OP_LEU: {
+    MATH_OP(u32, <=);
+  }
+  case OP_GEU: {
+    MATH_OP(u32, >=);
+  }
+  case OP_JMP: {
+    pc = stack[--sp];
     return true;
   }
   case OP_JMP_FLAG: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
     u32 mask;
-    u32 jmp_dest = locals[dest];
-    if (jmp_dest > cp) {
-      status = 1;
-      return true;
-    }
-    USED(src1);
-    USED(src2);
-
+    u32 jmp_dest = stack[--sp];
     mask = -(u32)(status == 0);
     pc = (jmp_dest & mask) | (pc & ~mask);
     return true;
   }
-  case OP_JEQ_INT: {
-    COMPARE_AND_JUMP(i32, ==);
+  case OP_JNZ: {
+    u32 mask;
+    u32 target = stack[--sp];
+    i32 cond = stack[--sp];
+    mask = -(u32)cond;
+    pc = (target & mask) | (pc & ~mask);
+    return true;
   }
-  case OP_JNE_INT: {
-    COMPARE_AND_JUMP(i32, !=);
-  }
-  case OP_JGT_INT: {
-    COMPARE_AND_JUMP(i32, >);
-  }
-  case OP_JLT_INT: {
-    COMPARE_AND_JUMP(i32, <);
-  }
-  case OP_JLE_INT: {
-    COMPARE_AND_JUMP(i32, <=);
-  }
-  case OP_JGE_INT: {
-    COMPARE_AND_JUMP(i32, >=);
-  }
-  case OP_JEQ_NAT: {
-    COMPARE_AND_JUMP(u32, ==);
-  }
-  case OP_JNE_NAT: {
-    COMPARE_AND_JUMP(u32, !=);
-  }
-  case OP_JGT_NAT: {
-    COMPARE_AND_JUMP(u32, >);
-  }
-  case OP_JLT_NAT: {
-    COMPARE_AND_JUMP(u32, <);
-  }
-  case OP_JLE_NAT: {
-    COMPARE_AND_JUMP(u32, <=);
-  }
-  case OP_JGE_NAT: {
-    COMPARE_AND_JUMP(u32, >=);
-  }
-  case OP_JEQ_REAL: {
-    COMPARE_AND_JUMP(i32, ==);
-  }
-  case OP_JNE_REAL: {
-    COMPARE_AND_JUMP(i32, !=);
-  }
-  case OP_JGE_REAL: {
-    COMPARE_AND_JUMP(i32, >=);
-  }
-  case OP_JGT_REAL: {
-    COMPARE_AND_JUMP(i32, >);
-  }
-  case OP_JLT_REAL: {
-    COMPARE_AND_JUMP(i32, <);
-  }
-  case OP_JLE_REAL: {
-    COMPARE_AND_JUMP(i32, <=);
-  }
-    case OP_INT_TO_STR: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
-    
+  case OP_INT_TO_STR: {
     u32 i = MAX_LEN_INT32;
-    i32 v = (i32)locals[src1];
+    i32 v = (i32)stack[--sp];
     char buffer[MAX_LEN_INT32];
     i32 n = v;
     bool neg = n < 0;
-    USED(src2);
     
     if (neg)
       n = -n;
@@ -639,18 +500,16 @@ bool step_vm() {
       buffer[--i] = '0';
 
     /* Copy from buffer[i] to buffer + MAX_LEN_INT32 */
-    locals[dest] = str_alloc(buffer + i, MAX_LEN_INT32 - i);
+    stack[sp++] = str_alloc(buffer + i, MAX_LEN_INT32 - i);
 
-    return pc;
+    return true;
   }
   case OP_NAT_TO_STR: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
-    
-    u32 v = (i32)locals[src1];
+    u32 v = (i32)stack[--sp];
     char buffer[MAX_LEN_INT32];
     u32 n = v;
     u32 i = MAX_LEN_INT32;
-    USED(src2);
+
     do {
       buffer[--i] = radix_set[n % 10];
       n /= 10;
@@ -659,15 +518,13 @@ bool step_vm() {
     if (v == 0)
       buffer[--i] = '0';
     /* Copy from buffer[i] to buffer + MAX_LEN_INT32 */
-    locals[dest] = str_alloc(buffer + i, MAX_LEN_INT32 - i);
+    stack[sp++] = str_alloc(buffer + i, MAX_LEN_INT32 - i);
 
-    return pc;
+    return true;
   }
   case OP_REAL_TO_STR: {
-    DECODE_A(instruction)
-    
     u32 i = 0, j = 0;
-    i32 q = (i32)locals[src1];
+    i32 q = (i32)stack[--sp];
     char buffer[MAX_LEN_INT32];
     u32 int_part, frac_part;
 
@@ -678,7 +535,6 @@ bool step_vm() {
 
     int_part = q >> 16;
     frac_part = q & 0xFFFF;
-    USED(src2);
 
     if (int_part == 0) {
       buffer[i++] = radix_set[0];
@@ -701,9 +557,9 @@ bool step_vm() {
       frac_part &= 0xFFFF;           
     }
 
-    locals[dest] = str_alloc(buffer + i, MAX_LEN_INT32 - i);
+    stack[sp++] = str_alloc(buffer + i, MAX_LEN_INT32 - i);
     
-    return pc;
+    return true;
   }
   }
 

vm/vm.h

@@ -3,122 +3,88 @@
 
 #include "libc.h"
 
-/**
- * Instruction Types
- *
- * A : [8:opcode][8:dest][8:src1][8:src2]
- * B : [8:opcode][8:dest][16:immediate]
- * C : [8:opcode][24:immediate]
- */
-#define DECODE_OP(instruction)      ((((u32)(instruction)) >> 24) & 0xFF)
-
-#define ENCODE_A(opcode, dest, src1, src2) ((((u32)(opcode) & 0xFF) << 24) | \
-					    (((u32)(dest) & 0xFF) << 16) | \
-					    (((u32)(src1) & 0xFF) << 8) | \
-					    (((u32)(src2) & 0xFF)))
-
-#define DECODE_A(instruction) \
-  u8 dest = (((u32)(instruction)) >> 16) & 0xFF; \
-  u8 src1 = (((u32)(instruction)) >> 8) & 0xFF; \
-  u8 src2 = ((u32)(instruction)) & 0xFF;
-
-#define ENCODE_B(opcode, dest, imm) ((((u32)(opcode) & 0xFF) << 24) | \
-				     (((u32)(dest) & 0xFF) << 16) | \
-				     (((u32)(imm)) & 0xFFFF))
-#define DECODE_B(instruction) \
-  u8 dest = (((u32)(instruction)) >> 16) & 0xFF;	\
-  u16 imm = ((u32)(instruction)) & 0xFFFF;
-
-#define ENCODE_C(opcode, imm)       ((((u32)(opcode) & 0xFF) << 24) | \
-				     (((u32)(imm)) & 0xFFFFFF))
-#define DECODE_C(instruction) \
-  u32 imm = ((u32)(instruction)) & 0xFFFFFF;
-
 typedef enum {
-  OP_HALT,           /* halt                 : A : all zeros        : halt execution */
-  OP_CALL,           /* call                 : A : dest args return : creates a new frame */  
-  OP_RETURN,         /* return               : B : dest return_flags: returns from a frame to the parent frame */
-  OP_SYSCALL,        /* syscall              : A : id args mem_ptr  : does a system call based on id with args  */
-  OP_LOAD_IMM,       /* load_immediate       : B : locals[dest] = const as u16 */
-  OP_LOAD_UPPER_IMM, /* load_upper_immediate : B : locals[dest] = const as u32 << 16 | u16 */
-  OP_LOAD_IND_8,     /* load_indirect_8      : A : locals[dest] = memory[locals[src1]] as u8  */
-  OP_LOAD_IND_16,    /* load_indirect_16     : A : locals[dest] = memory[locals[src1]] as u16 */
-  OP_LOAD_IND_32,    /* load_indirect_32     : A : locals[dest] = memory[locals[src1]] as u32 */
-  OP_LOAD_ABS_8,     /* load_absolute_8      : E : locals[dest] = memory[src1:u32] as u8 */
-  OP_LOAD_ABS_16,    /* load_absolute_16     : E : locals[dest] = memory[src1:u32] as u16 */
-  OP_LOAD_ABS_32,    /* load_absolute_32     : E : locals[dest] = memory[src1:u32] as u32 */
-  OP_LOAD_OFF_8,     /* load_offset_8        : A : locals[dest] = memory[locals[src1] + locals[src2]] as u8 */
-  OP_LOAD_OFF_16,    /* load_offset_16       : A : locals[dest] = memory[locals[src1] + locals[src2]] as u16 */
-  OP_LOAD_OFF_32,    /* load_offset_32       : A : locals[dest] = memory[locals[src1] + locals[src2]] as u32 */
-  OP_STORE_ABS_8,    /* store_absolute_8     : E : memory[dest] = src1 && 0xFF */
-  OP_STORE_ABS_16,   /* store_absolute_16    : E : memory[dest] = src1 && 0xFFFF */
-  OP_STORE_ABS_32,   /* store_absolute_32    : E : memory[dest] = src1 */
-  OP_STORE_IND_8,    /* store_indirect_8     : A : memory[locals[dest]] = locals[src1] && 0xFF */
-  OP_STORE_IND_16,   /* store_indirect_16    : A : memory[locals[dest]] = locals[src1] && 0xFFFF*/
-  OP_STORE_IND_32,   /* store_indirect_32    : A : memory[locals[dest]] = locals[src1] */
-  OP_STORE_OFF_8,    /* store_offset_8       : A : memory[locals[dest] + locals[src2]] = locals[src1] && 0xFF */
-  OP_STORE_OFF_16,   /* store_offset_16      : A : memory[locals[dest] + locals[src2]] = locals[src1] && 0xFFFF */
-  OP_STORE_OFF_32,   /* store_offset_32      : A : memory[locals[dest] + locals[src2]] = locals[src1] */  
-  OP_MEM_ALLOC,      /* alloc                : A : memory[dest] = [locals[src1] as size + 4] */
-  OP_MEM_CPY_8,      /* memcpy_8             : A : memory[src1..src1+src2] = memory[dest..dest+src2] */
-  OP_MEM_CPY_16,     /* memcpy_16            : A : memory[src1..src1+src2] = memory[dest..dest+src2] */
-  OP_MEM_CPY_32,     /* memcpy_32            : A : memory[src1..src1+src2] = memory[dest..dest+src2] */
-  OP_MEM_SET_8,      /* memset_8             : A : memory[dest..dest+src2] = local[src1] as u8 */
-  OP_MEM_SET_16,     /* memset_16            : A : memory[dest..dest+src2] = local[src1] as u16 */
-  OP_MEM_SET_32,     /* memset_32            : A : memory[dest..dest+src2] = local[src1] as u32 */
-  OP_MOV,            /* mov                  : A : locals[dest] = locals[src1] */
-  OP_PUSH,           /* push                 : B : push u32 value onto the childs locals */
-  OP_POP,            /* pop                  : C : pop u32 value off the stack (move MP back) */
-  OP_ADD_INT,        /* add_int              : A : locals[dest] = locals[src1] + locals[src2]  */
-  OP_SUB_INT,        /* sub_int              : A : locals[dest] = locals[src1] - locals[src2]  */
-  OP_MUL_INT,        /* mul_int              : A : locals[dest] = locals[src1] * locals[src2]  */
-  OP_DIV_INT,        /* div_int              : A : locals[dest] = locals[src1] / locals[src2]  */
-  OP_ADD_NAT,        /* add_nat              : A : locals[dest] = locals[src1] + locals[src2]  */
-  OP_SUB_NAT,        /* sub_nat              : A : locals[dest] = locals[src1] - locals[src2]  */
-  OP_MUL_NAT,        /* mul_nat              : A : locals[dest] = locals[src1] * locals[src2]  */
-  OP_DIV_NAT,        /* div_nat              : A : locals[dest] = locals[src1] / locals[src2]  */
-  OP_ADD_REAL,       /* add_real             : A : locals[dest] = locals[src1] + locals[src2]  */
-  OP_SUB_REAL,       /* sub_real             : A : locals[dest] = locals[src1] - locals[src2]  */
-  OP_MUL_REAL,       /* mul_real             : A : locals[dest] = locals[src1] * locals[src2]  */
-  OP_DIV_REAL,       /* div_real             : A : locals[dest] = locals[src1] / locals[src2]  */
-  OP_INT_TO_REAL,    /* int_to_real          : A : locals[dest] = locals[src1] as real */
-  OP_INT_TO_NAT,     /* int_to_nat           : A : locals[dest] = locals[src1] as nat */
-  OP_NAT_TO_REAL,    /* nat_to_real          : A : locals[dest] = locals[src1] as real */
-  OP_NAT_TO_INT,     /* nat_to_int           : A : locals[dest] = locals[src1] as int */
-  OP_REAL_TO_INT,    /* real_to_int          : A : locals[dest] = locals[src1] as int  */
-  OP_REAL_TO_NAT,    /* real_to_nat          : A : locals[dest] = locals[src1] as nat */
-  OP_BIT_SHIFT_LEFT, /* bit_shift_left       : A : locals[dest] = locals[src1] << locals[src2] */
-  OP_BIT_SHIFT_RIGHT,/* bit_shift_right      : A : locals[dest] = locals[src1] >> locals[src2] */
-  OP_BIT_SHIFT_R_EXT,/* bit_shift_r_ext      : A : locals[dest] as i32 = locals[src1] >> locals[src2] */
-  OP_BIT_AND,        /* bit_and              : A : locals[dest] = locals[src1] & locals[src2] */
-  OP_BIT_OR,         /* bit_or               : A : locals[dest] = locals[src1] | locals[src2] */
-  OP_BIT_XOR,        /* bit_xor              : A : locals[dest] = locals[src1] ^ locals[src2] */
-  OP_JMP_IMM,        /* jump_immediate       : E : jump to imm unconditionally */
-  OP_JMP_ABS,        /* jump_absolute        : A : jump to locals[dest] unconditionally */
-  OP_JMP_OFF,        /* jump_offset          : A : jump to locals[dest] + locals[src1] unconditionally */
-  OP_JMP_FLAG,       /* jump_if_flag         : A : jump to locals[dest] if flag > 0 */  
-  OP_JEQ_INT,        /* jump_eq_int          : A : jump to locals[dest] if locals[src1] as int == locals[src2] as int */
-  OP_JNE_INT,        /* jump_neq_int         : A : jump to locals[dest] if locals[src1] as int != locals[src2] as int */
-  OP_JGT_INT,        /* jump_gt_int          : A : jump to locals[dest] if locals[src1] as int >  locals[src2] as int */
-  OP_JLT_INT,        /* jump_lt_int          : A : jump to locals[dest] if locals[src1] as int <  locals[src2] as int */
-  OP_JLE_INT,        /* jump_le_int          : A : jump to locals[dest] if locals[src1] as int <= locals[src2] as int */
-  OP_JGE_INT,        /* jump_ge_int          : A : jump to locals[dest] if locals[src1] as int >= locals[src2] as int */
-  OP_JEQ_NAT,        /* jump_eq_nat          : A : jump to locals[dest] if locals[src1] as nat == locals[src2] as nat */
-  OP_JNE_NAT,        /* jump_neq_nat         : A : jump to locals[dest] if locals[src1] as nat != locals[src2] as nat */
-  OP_JGT_NAT,        /* jump_gt_nat          : A : jump to locals[dest] if locals[src1] as nat >  locals[src2] as nat */
-  OP_JLT_NAT,        /* jump_lt_nat          : A : jump to locals[dest] if locals[src1] as nat <  locals[src2] as nat */
-  OP_JLE_NAT,        /* jump_le_nat          : A : jump to locals[dest] if locals[src1] as nat <= locals[src2] as nat */
-  OP_JGE_NAT,        /* jump_ge_nat          : A : jump to locals[dest] if locals[src1] as nat >= locals[src2] as nat */
-  OP_JEQ_REAL,       /* jump_eq_real         : A : jump to locals[dest] if locals[src1] as real == locals[src2] as real */
-  OP_JNE_REAL,       /* jump_neq_real        : A : jump to locals[dest] if locals[src1] as real != locals[src2] as real */
-  OP_JGE_REAL,       /* jump_ge_real         : A : jump to locals[dest] if locals[src1] as real >= locals[src2] as real */
-  OP_JGT_REAL,       /* jump_gt_real         : A : jump to locals[dest] if locals[src1] as real >  locals[src2] as real */
-  OP_JLT_REAL,       /* jump_lt_real         : A : jump to locals[dest] if locals[src1] as real <  locals[src2] as real */
-  OP_JLE_REAL,       /* jump_le_real         : A : jump to locals[dest] if locals[src1] as real <= locals[src2] as real */
-  OP_INT_TO_STR,     /* int_to_str           : A : locals[dest] = &mem[mp..] locals[src1] as str */
-  OP_NAT_TO_STR,     /* nat_to_str           : A : locals[dest] = &mem[mp..] locals[src1] as str */
-  OP_REAL_TO_STR,    /* real_to_str          : A : locals[dest] = &mem[mp..] locals[src1] as str */
-  OP_MAX_OPCODE      /* not an opcode count of instructions */
+  OP_HALT,            /* - `halt`                   | halt execution */
+  OP_CALL,            /* ptr `call` -               | creates a new frame */  
+  OP_RETURN,          /* - `return` -               | returns from a frame to the parent frame */
+  OP_SYSCALL,         /* id mem_ptr `syscall` -     | does a system call based on id with args  */
+  OP_LOAD_8,          /* dest `ld8` u8              | push memory[obj1] onto stack as u8 */
+  OP_LOAD_16,         /* dest `ld16` u16            | push memory[obj1] onto stack as u16 */
+  OP_LOAD_32,         /* dest `ld32` u32            | push memory[obj1] onto stack as u32 */
+  OP_STORE_8,         /* dest obj1 `st8` -          | memory[dest] = obj1 << 8 */
+  OP_STORE_16,        /* dest obj1 `st16` -         | memory[dest] = obj1 << 16 */
+  OP_STORE_32,        /* dest obj1 `st32` -         | memory[dest] = obj1 */
+  OP_MALLOC,          /* size `alloc` ptr           | allocate 'size + 4' of memory and push ptr to memory on stack */
+  OP_PUSH_8,          /* const `push8` obj1         | push a 8 bit const onto the stack */
+  OP_PUSH_16,         /* const `push16` obj1        | push a 16 bit const onto the stack */
+  OP_PUSH_32,         /* const `push32` obj1        | push a 32 bit const onto the stack */
+  OP_PUSH_MP,         /* - `pmp` mp                 | push current mp to stack */
+  OP_PUSH_START_MP,   /* - `psmp` mp                | push the frames start mp to stack (parent frames end mp); used for returning heap values to parent */
+  OP_SET,             /* obj dest `set` -           | sets a local to the next value on top of the stack (max 255) */
+  OP_GET,             /* dest `get` obj             | pushes a local from the value on top of the stack (max 255) */
+  OP_SET_IMM,         /* obj #dest `seti` -         | sets a local to the next immediate location (max 255) */
+  OP_GET_IMM,         /* #dest `geti` obj           | pushes a local from the immediate location (max 255) */
+  OP_POP,             /* - `pop` -                  | removes top item from the stack */
+  OP_DUP,             /* obj1 `dup` obj1 obj1       | duplicates the top of the stack */
+  OP_EXCH,            /* obj2 obj1 `exch` obj1 obj2 | swaps the top two values on the stack */
+  OP_OVER,            /* obj2 obj1 `over` obj2      | copys the 2nd to the top element and pushes to the stack */
+  OP_PICK,            /* N `pick` objN              | gets the nth element on the stack and pushes it on top */
+  OP_DEPTH,           /* - `depth` stack_count      | pushes the number of elements on the stack to the stack */
+  OP_MEM_ALLOC,       /* size `alloc` ptr           | allocate 'size + 4' of memory and push ptr to memory on stack */
+  OP_MEM_CPY_8,       /* size src dest `mcpy8`  -   | memory[src..src+size] = memory[dest..dest+size] */
+  OP_MEM_CPY_16,      /* size src dest `mcpy16` -   | memory[src..src+size] = memory[dest..dest+size] */
+  OP_MEM_CPY_32,      /* size src dest `mcpy32` -   | memory[src..src+size] = memory[dest..dest+size] */
+  OP_MEM_SET_8,       /* size src dest `mset8`  -   | memory[dest..dest+size] = local[src] as u8 */
+  OP_MEM_SET_16,      /* size src dest `mset16` -   | memory[dest..dest+size] = local[src] as u16 */
+  OP_MEM_SET_32,      /* size src dest `mset32` -   | memory[dest..dest+size] = local[src] as u32 */
+  OP_ADD_INT,         /* obj2 obj1 `addi` obj       | obj1 + obj2 then push result on stack */
+  OP_SUB_INT,         /* obj2 obj1 `subi` obj       | obj1 - obj2 then push result on stack */
+  OP_MUL_INT,         /* obj2 obj1 `muli` obj       | obj1 * obj2 then push result on stack */
+  OP_DIV_INT,         /* obj2 obj1 `divi` obj       | obj1 / obj2 then push result on stack */
+  OP_ADD_NAT,         /* obj2 obj1 `addn` obj       | obj1 + obj2 then push result on stack */
+  OP_SUB_NAT,         /* obj2 obj1 `subn` obj       | obj1 - obj2 then push result on stack */
+  OP_MUL_NAT,         /* obj2 obj1 `muln` obj       | obj1 * obj2 then push result on stack */
+  OP_DIV_NAT,         /* obj2 obj1 `divn` obj       | obj1 / obj2 then push result on stack */
+  OP_ADD_REAL,        /* obj2 obj1 `addr` obj       | obj1 + obj2 then push result on stack */
+  OP_SUB_REAL,        /* obj2 obj1 `subr` obj       | obj1 - obj2 then push result on stack */
+  OP_MUL_REAL,        /* obj2 obj1 `mulr` obj       | obj1 * obj2 then push result on stack */
+  OP_DIV_REAL,        /* obj2 obj1 `divr` obj       | obj1 / obj2 then push result on stack */
+  OP_INT_TO_REAL,     /* obj1 `itor` real           | casts an int to a fixed number */
+  OP_INT_TO_NAT,      /* obj1 `iton` nat            | casts an int to a unsigned int */
+  OP_NAT_TO_REAL,     /* obj1 `ntor` real           | casts a unsigned int to a fixed number */
+  OP_NAT_TO_INT,      /* obj1 `ntoi` int            | casts a unsigned int to an int */
+  OP_REAL_TO_INT,     /* obj1 `rtoi` int            | casts a fixed number to an int */
+  OP_REAL_TO_NAT,     /* obj1 `rton` nat            | casts a fixed number to an unsigned int */
+  OP_BIT_SHIFT_LEFT,  /* obj2 obj1 `sll`  obj       | src1] << locals[src2] */
+  OP_BIT_SHIFT_RIGHT, /* obj2 obj1 `srl` obj        | src1] >> locals[src2] */
+  OP_BIT_SHIFT_R_EXT, /* obj2 obj1 `sre` obj        | src1 >> src2 then cast result as i32 */
+  OP_BIT_AND,         /* obj2 obj1 `band` obj       | obj1 & obj2 */
+  OP_BIT_OR,          /* obj2 obj1 `bor`  obj       | obj1 | obj2 */
+  OP_BIT_XOR,         /* obj2 obj1 `bxor` obj       | obj1 ^ obj2 */
+  OP_NEG,             /* obj1 `neg` obj             | -obj1 */
+  OP_NOT,             /* obj1 `not` obj             | not obj1 */
+  OP_JMP,             /* pc `jump`                  | jump unconditionally */
+  OP_JMP_FLAG,        /* pc `jmpf`                  | jump to pc if flag > 0 */  
+  OP_JNZ,             /* obj1 pc `jnz`              | jump to pc if obj1 != 0 */
+  OP_EQU,             /* obj2 obj1 `equ` bool       | unsigned obj1 == obj2 */
+  OP_NEU,             /* obj2 obj1 `neu` bool       | unsigned obj1 != obj2 */
+  OP_GTU,             /* obj2 obj1 `gtu` bool       | unsigned obj1 >  obj2 */
+  OP_LTU,             /* obj2 obj1 `ltu` bool       | unsigned obj1 <  obj2 */
+  OP_LEU,             /* obj2 obj1 `leu` bool       | unsigned obj1 <= obj2 */
+  OP_GEU,             /* obj2 obj1 `geu` bool       | unsigned obj1 >= obj2 */
+  OP_EQS,             /* obj2 obj1 `eqs` bool       | signed obj1 == obj2 */
+  OP_NES,             /* obj2 obj1 `nes` bool       | signed obj1 != obj2 */
+  OP_GTS,             /* obj2 obj1 `gts` bool       | signed obj1 >  obj2 */
+  OP_LTS,             /* obj2 obj1 `lts` bool       | signed obj1 <  obj2 */
+  OP_LES,             /* obj2 obj1 `les` bool       | signed obj1 <= obj2 */
+  OP_GES,             /* obj2 obj1 `ges` bool       | signed obj1 >= obj2 */
+  OP_INT_TO_STR,      /* obj1 `itos` str_ptr        | convert obj1 to str */
+  OP_NAT_TO_STR,      /* obj1 `ntos` str_ptr        | convert obj1 to str */
+  OP_REAL_TO_STR,     /* obj1 `rtos` str_ptr        | convert obj1 to str */
+  OP_STR_TO_INT,      /* str_ptr `stoi` obj         | convert obj1 to int */
+  OP_STR_TO_NAT,      /* str_ptr `ntoi` obj         | convert obj1 to nat */
+  OP_STR_TO_REAL,     /* str_ptr `stor` obj         | convert obj1 to real */
+  OP_MAX_OPCODE       /* not an opcode count of instructions */
 } Opcode;
 
 typedef enum {
@@ -127,15 +93,24 @@ typedef enum {
   SYSCALL_MAX
 } Syscall;
 
-extern u32 pc;           /* program counter */
-extern u32 cp;           /* code pointer */
-extern u32 mp;           /* memory pointer */
-extern u32 fp;           /* frame pointer */
-extern u8  lc;           /* child local count */
-extern u8 status;        /* status flag */
-extern u8 interrupt;     /* device interrupt */
-extern u32 *code;        /* code */
-extern u8 *mem;          /* memory */
+typedef struct frame_s Frame;
+struct frame_s {
+  u32 locals[256];
+  u32 return_pc;
+  u32 start_mp;
+};
+
+extern u8 *code;      /* code */
+extern u32 cp;        /* code pointer */
+extern u8 *mem;       /* memory */
+extern u32 mp;        /* memory pointer */
+extern u32 *stack;    /* stack */
+extern u32 sp;        /* stack pointer */
+extern Frame *frames; /* call frames */
+extern u32 fp;        /* frame pointer */
+extern u32 pc;        /* program counter */
+extern u8 status;     /* status flag */
+extern u8 interrupt;  /* device interrupt */
 
 #define READ_U8(addr) (mem[addr])
 
@@ -166,36 +141,16 @@ extern u8 *mem;          /* memory */
       mem[addr + 3] = ((value) >> 24) & 0xFF;                       \
   } while (0)
 
-#define MATH_OP(type, op)                                                      \
-  do {                                                                         \
-    DECODE_A(instruction)                                                      \
-    locals[dest] = ((type)locals[src1] op (type)locals[src2]);			           \
-    return true;                                                               \
-  } while (0)
-
-#define MATH_OP_NO_CAST(op)                                                    \
-  do {                                                                         \
-    DECODE_A(instruction)                                                      \
-    locals[dest] = (locals[src1] op locals[src2]);			                       \
-    return true;                                                               \
-  } while (0)
-
-#define COMPARE_AND_JUMP(type, op)                                             \
-  do {                                                                         \
-    DECODE_A(instruction)                                                      \
-    i32 cond;                                                                  \
-    u32 mask;                                                                  \
-    u32 target = locals[dest];                                                 \
-    type value = (type)locals[src1];                                           \
-    type value2 = (type)locals[src2];                                          \
-    cond = !!(value op value2);                                                \
-    mask = -(u32)cond;                                                         \
-    pc = (target & mask) | (pc & ~mask);                                       \
-    return true;                                                               \
+#define MATH_OP(type, op)                                           \
+  do {                                                              \
+    type b = (type)stack[--sp];                                     \
+    type a = (type)stack[--sp];                                     \
+    stack[sp++] = (type)(a op b);                                   \
+    return true;                                                    \
   } while (0)
 
 extern bool init_vm();
-extern u32 syscall(u32 id, u32 args, u32 mem_ptr);
+extern u32 syscall(u32 id, u32 mem_ptr);
 bool step_vm();
 u32 str_alloc(char *str, u32 length);